MBA作业代写-不同行业内的商业组织。本文是一篇留学生MBA作业写作范文，主要内容是针对不同行业的不同商业组织进行介绍和分析。
Private Sector 私营部门
Private sector organisations are ones that are owned by private individuals or groups and is not controlled by the state. the main purpose of private sector businesses is to generate revenue and create profit. Other private sector business aims include furthur growth, increasing market share and maximising sales. By contrast, establishments that are part of the state are part of the public sector; private, non-profit organizations are regarded as part of the voluntary sector and do not fall in to this sub heading.
私营部门组织是由私人或团体所有，不受国家控制的组织。私营企业的主要目的是创造收入和利润。其他私营部门的商业目标包括进一步增长、增加市场份额和最大化销售。相比之下，属于国家的机构是公共部门的一部分；私营、非营利组织被视为志愿部门的一部分，不属于本分项。下面是留学生MBA作业的全部内容，供参考。There are a number of organisations under the private sector. 私营部门有许多组织
The main types of businesses in the private sector are: 私营部门的主要业务类型包括
Sole trader 个体贸易商
Sole traders are individually run businesses. These include plumbers, painters, accountants and hairdressers. They are responsible for the overall running of their business and their is no distinction between the individual and thier business. Unlike other types of organisations you do not have to register your business with anyone. Advantages of being a sole trader is the freedom to make your own decisions as you are your own boss which may be very motivating. As a sole trader you also keep 100% of the profits. Controversially the disadvantages equally weigh the advantages as being a sole trader means sources of finance are limited as you are the only individual able to raise money. Also as a sole trader you will have to work long hours and have limited holidays as closing the business could result in loss of customers which will lead to a loss in revenue creating a ripple affect which could harm potential profit. One of the main disadvantages of a sole trader is that as a sole trader, you are subject to unlimited liability meaning failure to pay off debts could result in personal assets e.g. your home being repossessed.
个体贸易商是个体经营的企业。这些人包括水管工、油漆工、会计和理发师。他们负责业务的整体运营，他们的业务与个人业务没有区别。与其他类型的组织不同，您不必向任何人注册您的业务。做一名独家交易者的好处是可以自由地做出自己的决定，因为你是自己的老板，这可能会非常激励人。作为一名独家贸易商，你也能保持100%的利润。有争议的是，作为一名独家交易者，劣势与优势同等重要，这意味着资金来源有限，因为你是唯一能够筹集资金的个人。此外，作为一名独家贸易商，你将不得不长时间工作，假期有限，因为关闭业务可能会导致客户流失，从而导致收入损失，从而产生连锁反应，损害潜在利润。独家交易者的一个主要缺点是，作为独家交易者，你要承担无限责任，这意味着如果不偿还债务，可能会导致个人资产被收回，比如你的房子。
Partnership, either limited or unlimited liability 合伙企业，有限责任或无限责任
Partnerships usually consist of 2 – 20 people. This is widespread is professions such as accountancy and law. Unlike sole traders the responsibility and work load is shared and more finance can be raised from the partners. Also each partner can specialise e.g. if you have a legal practise one partner can specialise is marital law and one can specialise in tort law.
合作伙伴通常由2–20人组成。这在会计和法律等职业中很普遍。与单独的贸易商不同，责任和工作量是分担的，合作伙伴可以筹集更多资金。此外，每个合伙人都可以专门从事法律工作，例如，如果你有一个律师事务所，一个合伙人可以专门从事婚姻法，一个可以专门从事侵权法。
However they are undifferentiated from sole traders in terms of partnerships being unlimited liability. Other disadvantages include sharing of profits between all partners, size is limited to 20 members and also disagreements between partners.
然而，在无限责任合伙关系方面，他们与单独交易者没有区别。其他缺点包括所有合伙人之间分享利润，成员人数限制在20人以内，合伙人之间也存在分歧。
Private Sector Limited Companies 私营部门有限公司
Owned and run by shareholders. Requires a Memorandum of Association (which includes name of company, address,objectives, type of activities, amount of capital to be raised, number of shares to be issued). Requires an Articles of Association (which includes the rights of shareholders, procedures for appointing directors, timing and frequency of company meetings, arrangements for auditing company accounts). Shareholders have a right to attend the AGM.
股东拥有和经营。需要一份组织大纲（包括公司名称、地址、目标、活动类型、募集资金金额、发行股份数量）。要求公司章程（包括股东的权利、任命董事的程序、公司会议的时间和频率、审计公司账目的安排）。股东有权参加年度股东大会。
Private Limited Company or LTD-limited liability, with private shares 私人有限公司或有限责任公司，有私人股份
Private limited companies are owned by share holders and the owners can place restrictions on who the share ae sold to. Many people who own family run companied for instance can place restrictions to allow family members only to purchase share. In this case shares can only be sold privately and cannot advertise their share for sale.
私人有限公司由股东所有，股东可以限制股份出售给谁。例如，许多拥有家族经营公司的人可以限制家庭成员只能购买股份。在这种情况下，股票只能私下出售，不能为出售股票做广告。
Private Sector Public Limited Companies This companies name ends PLC. There are around 500,000 companies in the UK but only 3% of them are public limited companies. Shares can be bought and sold on the stock market. Accounts must be published.
私营部门公共有限公司此公司名称以PLC结尾。英国大约有50万家公司，但其中只有3%是上市有限公司。股票可以在股票市场上买卖。必须发布帐户。
Advantages limited liability;huge amounts of capital can be raised; economies of scale; domination of the market.
有限责任的优势是可以筹集巨额资金；规模经济；控制市场。
Disadvantages setting up costs can be very expensive; an outsider can take over the company; competitors can take advantage of information in published accounts; Legislation control the way the organisation is operated; Companies may be inflexible due to their size.
缺点是设置成本可能非常昂贵；局外人可以接管公司；竞争对手可以利用已发布账户中的信息；立法控制组织的运作方式；由于公司的规模，公司可能缺乏灵活性。
Public Limited Company – shares are open to the public. Two examples are: 公共有限公司——股份向公众开放。两个例子是
Franchise – business owner pays a corporation to use their name, receives spec for the business 特许经营——企业所有者支付公司使用其名称的费用，并接收业务规范
Workers cooperative – all workers have equal pay, and make joint business decisions 工人合作社——所有工人都有同等报酬，并共同做出商业决策
Public limited companies like private limited companies are owned by share holders however no restrictions can be placed and shareholders can sell shares to whoever they like. One disadvantage in this is that companies my be subject to a take over by other shareholders if they start buying up shares in attempt to take control. Some share holders may want to resist this take over but can not stop other shareholders selling their shares.
像私人有限公司这样的公共有限公司是由股东拥有的，但不能设置任何限制，股东可以将股份出售给他们喜欢的任何人。这样做的一个缺点是，如果公司开始购买股票以试图获得控制权，它们可能会受到其他股东的接管。一些股东可能想抵制这一收购，但无法阻止其他股东出售其股份。
Public Sector 公营部门
The Public Sector, sometimes referred to as the state sector is owned and run by the state (government) for their citizens. Their aim is to provide services needed by the citizens, regarless of income or wealth, for example health and education. These organisations are funded through taxation. The organization of the public sector can take several forms, including:
公营部门，有时被称为国营部门，由国家（政府）为其公民所有和经营。他们的目标是提供公民所需的服务，无论收入或财富如何，例如健康和教育。这些组织由税收资助。公共部门的组织可以采取多种形式，包括：
Central government 中央政府
These include such services as defence, national health service, social security, prisions, police, universities.
这些服务包括国防、国家卫生服务、社会保障、监狱、警察、大学等服务。
Local government 地方政府
These include primary & secondary education, refuse collection, libraries, social services, council housing, parks and sport facilities
这些包括中小学教育、垃圾收集、图书馆、社会服务、议会住房、公园和体育设施
Public corporation 共有公司
Non-profit sector.非营利部门
Non-profit sectors, the organisations in which fall into this category are different to both the private and public sectors, which has main objectives of turning a profit. Instead non profit organisations e.g. charitable organizations, trade unions and public arts organizations do not distribute its profits to shareholders or owners but use the money to meet goals.
非营利性部门，属于这一类别的组织不同于私营部门和公共部门，它们的主要目标是实现盈利。相反，非营利组织如慈善组织、工会和公共艺术组织不会将利润分配给股东或所有者，而是将资金用于实现目标。
Ownership is the quantitative difference between for- and not-for-profit organizations. For-profit organizations can be privately owned and may re-distribute taxable wealth to employees and shareholders. By contrast, not-for-profit organizations do not have private owners. They have controlling members or boards, but these people cannot sell their shares to others or personally benefit in any taxable way.
While non profit organisations are able to turn a profit known as a surplus, finance earned are retained by the organisation for its self-preservation, expansion and future plans. They are in most countries exempt from income and property taxation.
所有权是营利组织和非营利组织之间的数量差异。营利组织可以是私有的，可以将应税财富重新分配给员工和股东。相比之下，非营利组织没有私人所有者。他们有控制性成员或董事会，但这些人不能将其股份出售给他人，也不能以任何应税方式获得个人利益。
虽然非营利性组织能够将利润转化为盈余，但所获得的资金由该组织保留，用于其自我保护、扩张和未来计划。在大多数国家，他们免征所得税和财产税。
Purpose 意图
Activities 活动
Marketing 营销
Marketing is the function of the business that is responsible for understanding customer needs and developing the right products, setting the right price and promoting and distributing products in the right way. Marketing ensures what is being provided is always a want and need.
营销是企业的职能，负责了解客户需求，开发正确的产品，制定正确的价格，以正确的方式推广和分销产品。营销确保所提供的始终是一种需要。
Market research new product development 市场研究新产品开发
Purchasing 采购
Purchasing functions objectives are to buy at the most economic order the right quantity and quality for the right price from suppliers who are reliable and provide a good service. Through this they can ensure they can provide their organisation with an uninterrupted flaw of materials and services for company operations. They also have to find reliable alternative sources of supply.
采购职能的目标是以最经济的订单从可靠且提供良好服务的供应商处以合适的价格购买合适的数量和质量。通过这一点，他们可以确保他们能够为公司运营提供不间断的材料和服务缺陷。他们还必须找到可靠的替代供应来源。
Determine needs, select the suppliers, negotiate the purchase and follow up on orders.
确定需求，选择供应商，协商采购并跟进订单。
Human Resources 人力资源
The pupose of the human resourse function is to assess the current and future capacity of a businesses future workforce needs and maximize the productivity of an organization by optimizing the effectiveness of its employees.
人力资源职能的目的是评估企业当前和未来的能力、未来的劳动力需求，并通过优化员工的效率来最大化组织的生产力。
Job design, Advertise job vacancies, select candidates, training and development, performance appraisal compensation, maintenance labour relations,
职位设计、公布职位空缺、选择候选人、培训和发展、绩效考核薪酬、维护劳动关系、，
Finance 财务
Production 生产
Hirachical strucutre 等级结构
Also known as the pyramis structure, the hierarchical structure means that with every level in the structure is a different level of authority. The structure houses fewer people at the top of the pyramid which can include job titles such as owner ceo and managing director. In hierarchical structures the chain of command runs from the top down and through each line department. Employees at each level are managed by their line manager directly above them in their orgainsation function.
也称为锥体结构，等级结构意味着结构中的每一级都有不同的权威。该结构容纳的金字塔顶端人员较少，其中可能包括所有者ceo和董事总经理等职位。在层级结构中，指挥链自上而下，贯穿各个部门。各级员工由其组织职能部门的直接上级直线经理管理。
Within hierarchical structures authority and responsibility is clearly defined and it is clear to see the promotion path for employees. Also there are specialist managers which could effectively be used as the hierarchical strucuter encourages this in terms of environment. Futhur more employees will be very loyal to their department within their orgainsation. However the organisation can be beauracratic and theirfore respond sloly to changing customer needs and thet market within which the orgainsation operates. Communication across various sections can be poor due to having to report to line managers especially horizontal communitcation. And departments can make decisions which benefit them rather than the business as a whole especially if there is inter departmental rivalry.
在层级结构中，权力和责任被明确定义，员工的晋升路径也清晰可见。此外，还有一些专业管理人员可以有效地使用，因为层级结构在环境方面鼓励这样做。未来将有更多的员工对其组织内的部门非常忠诚。然而，该组织可能是美丽的，他们对不断变化的客户需求和组织运作的市场反应迟钝。由于必须向直线经理汇报，尤其是横向沟通，各部门之间的沟通可能会很差。部门可以做出有利于他们而非整个企业的决策，尤其是在部门间存在竞争的情况下。
Matrix structure 矩阵结构
The matrix structure groups employees and resources in two ways simultaneously by both function and product. This structure can combine the best of both separate structures. A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. An example if a organisation wanted to produce two products, “a table” and “a chair”. Using the matrix structure, this company would organize functions within the company as follows: “a table” sales department, “a table” customer service department, “a table” accounting, “a chair”sales department, “a chair” customer service department, “a chair” accounting department. Advantages of such structures are individuals can be chosen according to the needs of the project, the use of a project team wich is dynamic and able to view problems in different ways as specialist have been brought together in a new environment and project managers are sirectly responsible for completing a project within a certain time frame and budget. However the disadvantages are a conflict between line managers and project managers over the allocation of resources, if teams have a lot of independence than it can be hard to monitor and cost can be increased if more managers are created through the use of project teams.
矩阵结构按功能和产品同时以两种方式对员工和资源进行分组。这种结构可以将两种独立结构的优点结合起来。矩阵式组织经常使用员工团队来完成工作，以利用职能和分散形式的优势，并弥补其不足。一个组织想要生产两种产品的例子，“一张桌子”和“一把椅子”。使用矩阵结构，该公司将按以下方式组织公司内部的职能：“桌子”销售部、“桌子”客户服务部、“桌”会计部、“椅子”销售部，“椅子”客户服务部门、“椅”会计部。这种结构的优点是可以根据项目的需要选择个人，使用一个动态的项目团队，能够以不同的方式看待问题，因为专家已经聚集在一个新的环境中，项目经理理应负责在一定的时间框架和预算内完成项目。然而，如果团队有很大的独立性，很难监控，并且如果通过使用项目团队创建更多的经理，成本可能会增加，那么缺点是直线经理和项目经理之间在资源分配方面存在冲突。
Divisional structure 事业部制
Also known as the “product structure”, the divisional structure groups each organizational function into a division. Each division within a divisional structure contains all the necessary resources and functions within it. Each divisional unit is responsible for a product, geographical area, or customer base. Each division has its own functions such as Finance, Marketing and research and development, Divisions can be categorized from different points of view. There can be made a distinction on geographical basis (a US division and an EU division) or on product/service basis (different products for different customers: households or companies). Another example, an automobile company with a divisional structure might have one division for SUVs, another division for subcompact cars, and another division for sedans. Each division would have its own sales, engineering and marketing departments.
也称为“产品结构”，部门结构将每个组织功能分组为一个部门。部门结构中的每个部门都包含其内部所有必要的资源和功能。每个部门单位负责产品、地理区域或客户群。每个部门都有自己的职能，如财务、市场营销和研发，部门可以从不同的角度进行分类。可以根据地域（美国部门和欧盟部门）或产品/服务（针对不同客户的不同产品：家庭或公司）进行区分。另一个例子是，一家具有部门结构的汽车公司可能有一个部门负责SUV，另一个部门用于小型车，另一部门负责轿车。每个部门都有自己的销售、工程和营销部门。本站提供各国留学生MBA作业代写和指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。