留学生assignment作业代写参考-组织结构挑战。本文是一篇由于本站留学生代写服务提供的assignment作业，主要内容是讲述当两个或两个以上的人为了实现一个共同的目标而一起工作时，组织的概念就诞生了。组织的目的是建立一个组织可以开展工作的职责和职位。组织可以形成不同的规模。在同一组织中工作的所有人都有自己的职能、态度和技巧来实现共同目标。Organisation这个词来源于希腊语“oragon”，意思是工具。它在日常英语和科学英语中以各种方式使用。下面就一起来看一下这篇留学生assignment作业代写参考范文的具体内容。
The concept to organization is born when two or more people work together in order to achieve a common goal. Purpose of an organisation is to create responsibilities and positions by which an organisation can carry out the work. Organisation may be formed in different sizes. All people working in the same organisation have their own functions, attitudes and techniques to apply for achieving their common goal. Organisation is a word derived from Greek word “oragon” which means tool. It is used in both daily and scientific English in various ways.
“Organization is a particular pattern of structure, people, tasks and techniques” (Leavitt, H.J. 1962)
“组织是一种结构、人员、任务和技术的特殊模式”
In order to manage and control the resources, an organisation needs to be structured. It is formal system that makes the organisation to run smoothly and helps to focus the common goals and objectives. It gives a clear idea about the chain of command that need to be prioritised when a problem arise. It also defines what people are responsible in the organisation for different reasons. A solid structure provides the framework to deliver on sales strategy. The structure of an organisation can be done by function, by product, by environment, by customers, by process. This structure can be tall/flat, formal/informal, centralised/decentralised, organic/mechanistic etc. So the structure of an organisation is the formal representation of how the organisation is managed and it is very important. Therefore the importance can be immeasurable for any organisation attempting to function towards a single goal.
为了管理和控制资源，组织需要结构化。这是一个正式的系统，使组织顺利运行，并有助于集中共同的目标和目的。它清楚地说明了出现问题时需要优先考虑的指挥链。它还定义了人们出于不同原因在组织中应承担的责任。坚实的结构提供了实现销售战略的框架。一个组织的结构可以通过功能、产品、环境、客户和流程来实现。这种结构可以是高/平、正式/非正式、集中/分散、有机/机械等。因此，组织的结构是组织管理方式的正式代表，这一点非常重要。因此，对于任何试图实现单一目标的组织来说，其重要性都是不可估量的。
3.1 Flat Organisational Structure 扁平化组织结构
Flat organisational structure is a structure where there are no levels or very few levels between managers and staff. In this structure the most trained employees get involved with decision making process. Employees are not supervised by many levels of management. It is designed to minimise bureaucracy. Flat structure is also known as horizontal structure.
扁平组织结构是指经理和员工之间没有级别或级别很少的结构。在这种结构中，最训练有素的员工参与决策过程。员工不受多个管理层的监督。它旨在最大限度地减少官僚主义。平面结构也称为水平结构。
This structure generally occurs in a small organization or in a small part within a large organization. Communication between employees and managers are held on regular that allows rapid change and problem resolution. Every feedback and opinions of employees are considered. There is an understanding bonding that takes place in this structure.
这种结构通常发生在一个小组织中，或者发生在大组织中的一个小部分中。员工和经理之间的沟通是定期进行的，可以快速改变和解决问题。考虑员工的每一个反馈和意见。在这个结构中发生了一种理解上的结合。
3.2 Characteristics of Flat Organisational Structure 扁平化组织结构的特点
A flat organisational structure is basically a hierarchical structure that can be pointed by a pyramid shape. But the base of the pyramid is much wider with few layers between the top management and bottom line employees. The command chain in this structure is short but the span of control is wide. The leading position in this structure is president or chief executive officer.
扁平的组织结构基本上是一种层次结构，可以用金字塔形状来表示。但金字塔的底部要宽得多，高层管理人员和底层员工之间几乎没有层次。这种结构中的指挥链很短，但控制范围很宽。这一结构中的领导地位是总裁或首席执行官。
3.3 Advantages of Flat Organisational Structure 扁平化组织结构的优势
Flat organisation structure has many advantages. Some of the advantages are mentioned below:扁平化组织结构有很多优点。其中一些优点如下所述
As there are minimum management levels, flat structure is cost effective as the company is paying fewer people to get the work done.由于有最低的管理水平，扁平结构具有成本效益，因为公司为完成工作支付的费用更少。
Improved communication between managers and employees.改进了经理和员工之间的沟通。
Having fewer levels, employees can directly report to managers and share new ideas which helps the managers to make decision quickly.级别较少，员工可以直接向经理报告并分享新想法，这有助于经理快速做出决策。
All employees along the manager have full control of every task that is required to be completed.经理身边的所有员工都能完全控制每一项需要完成的任务。
Managers and employees stay close to customers and therefore can respond quickly to changes of customer demands and changes.经理和员工与客户保持密切联系，因此能够快速响应客户需求和变化的变化。
3.4 Disadvantages of Flat Organisational Structure 扁平化组织结构的弊端
Besides the advantages, flat organisational structure has some disadvantages as well. Some of the disadvantages are stated below:扁平化的组织结构除了有优点外，也有一些缺点。以下列出了一些缺点
Flat structure may hold back the growth of an organisation to a certain level.扁平结构可能会将一个组织的发展抑制到一定程度。
Employees may have more than two bosses which can confuse them during the time of reporting. They may be confused thinking of which of the bosses will be the best to report.员工可能有两个以上的老板，这可能会在报告期间混淆他们。他们可能会在思考哪位老板最适合报告时感到困惑。
In situation where there is more than one boss, there could be a power struggle of having maximum control on employees.在不止一个老板的情况下，可能会发生对员工拥有最大控制权的权力斗争。
Flat organisational structure is mainly for small organisation e.g. Partnerships, some private limited companies, cooperatives.扁平组织结构主要适用于小型组织，如合伙企业、一些私人有限公司、合作社。
4.1 Tall Organisational Structure 高层组织结构
Tall organisational structure consists of many management levels and supervision. The chain of command is long. Employees are only related to the department managers. All managers and employees are supervised by their senior managers. Because of many numbers of levels in this structure, it cause problems with communication and therefore takes long time for decision making. The top of all the management level is usually called chief executive officer.
高层组织结构由许多管理层和监督机构组成。指挥链很长。员工只与部门经理有关系。所有经理和员工都受到其高级经理的监督。由于这种结构中有许多级别，因此会导致沟通问题，因此需要很长时间才能做出决策。所有管理层的高层通常被称为首席执行官。
4.2 Characteristics of Tall Organisational Structure 高层组织结构特点
A tall organisational structure is a hierarchical representation with many levels. However, tall organisational structures not often cross more than eight levels of management. In this structure the command chain is long but span is narrow relatively to flat structure. Top level management holds most power and as a result employees are more controlled.
一个高层次的组织结构是一种具有多个层次的层级表示。然而，高层组织结构通常不会跨越八个以上的管理层。在这种结构中，指挥链很长，但与扁平结构相比，跨度很窄。最高级别的管理层掌握着大部分权力，因此员工更容易受到控制。
4.3 Advantages of Tall Organisational Structure 高层组织结构的优势
There are many advantages of tall organisational structure. Some of the advantages are noted below:高层组织结构有很多优点。以下是一些优点
All employees are closely supervised as the span of control is narrow. Each manager manages small number of employees.由于控制范围很窄，所有员工都受到密切监督。每个经理管理少量员工。
Management structure is clear.管理结构清晰。
The responsibilities of each level manager are clear and different.每一级经理的职责都是明确而不同的。
The success of every employee including managers is clear and therefore, tall organisational structure has clear promotional ladder.包括经理在内的每一位员工的成功都是显而易见的，因此，高层组织结构有明确的晋升阶梯。
4.4 Disadvantages of Tall Organisational Structure 高层组织结构的弊端
Besides advantages tall organisational structures have many disadvantages as well. Some of the disadvantages are given below:除了优点之外，高层组织结构也有许多缺点。以下给出了一些缺点
As the employees are closely supervised by their managers, so the employees have less freedom and responsibilities.由于员工受到经理的密切监督，因此员工的自由和责任更少。
Decision making process could be slow as approval may be required from various levels of managers.决策过程可能很慢，因为可能需要各级管理人员的批准。
Every communication needs to take place through different levels of management.每一次沟通都需要通过不同级别的管理进行。
As there are many management levels, tall structure is expensive as the organisation need to pay more money to managers than subordinates.由于管理层很多，高层结构成本高昂，因为组织需要向经理支付比下属更多的钱。
Any changes are responded slowly as employees are the only person who stays closer to customers and therefore to report any changes employees have to go through different levels of management.任何变化的反应都很慢，因为员工是唯一一个离客户更近的人，因此要报告任何变化，员工必须经过不同级别的管理。
5.0 Tall Vs Flat Organisational Structure 高与平的组织结构
Tall organisational structures are mostly adopted by mature companies as roles, tasks, accountability, responsibilities and even governance are clear. A company needs to be concerned of what the employees are doing and why they are doing it. Tall structure has two purposes: transparency of roles and objectives, and controlling cost. All managers in every level manage small number of employees. As a result employees have clear concept of their works. Different management level has different works to do. Most big companies like Tesco, Sony, and Apple are the examples who have adopted tall structure. This has helped the company to gain success. Tesco PLC is such one of the successful companies. It is a retail chain which was founded in 1919. They have more than 2484 stores in UK. In order to manage and run smoothly Tesco is following tall organisational structure. With an interview with one of the store managers of Tesco it has known that they have six management levels in their structure from checkout assistant to chief executive officer. After the chairman, the top position is CEO. All managers in every level have small number of employees. As a result the duties of every staff are clear and focused. Any major decision in Tesco is announced by the top management. By adopting tall organisational structure Tesco is able to focus their goals more effectively and gain enormous success.
成熟的公司大多采用高大的组织结构，因为角色、任务、问责制、责任甚至治理都很明确。公司需要关注员工在做什么以及为什么要做。高层结构有两个目的：角色和目标的透明度，以及控制成本。每个级别的所有经理都管理着少数员工。因此，员工对自己的工作有了清晰的概念。不同的管理层有不同的工作要做。像乐购、索尼和苹果这样的大公司都是采用高层结构的例子。这帮助公司获得了成功。乐购就是这样一家成功的公司。这是一家成立于1919年的零售连锁店。乐购在英国拥有2484多家门店。为了顺利管理和运营，乐购采用了高度的组织结构。通过对乐购一位门店经理的采访，我们知道他们的结构中有六个管理层，从收银助理到首席执行官。在董事长之后，最高职位是首席执行官。所有各级管理人员都有少量员工。因此，每个工作人员的职责都是明确和集中的。乐购的任何重大决策都由最高管理层宣布。通过采用高大上的组织结构，乐购能够更有效地集中精力实现目标，并取得巨大成功。
On the other side, flat organisational structure is mostly adopted by small organisations. Many big organisations may also have flat structure at the beginning end of their life cycle. In a flat structure normally there are well focused employees who know who their boss is. They also have mindset of cooperation, flexibility, working over boundaries, problem sharing opportunities. Flat organisational structure helps the companies to save cost and stay close to customers. Small organisations like the local street shops are the examples that have flatter structure. PFC, a street chicken shop, is an example who has flatter structure. With an interview with the manager it is known that in their structure they have manager and few employees. Managers and employees both work together in order to bring success for the company. Sometimes the managers are the owners of the company in flatter structure.
Organisations can also have flat structure within their tall structure Starbucks is one of examples. The largest coffee shop “Starbucks” was first established in Seattle, Washington. Starbucks effectively entered within the European Union including UK in May 1998. Starbucks specializes in selling coffee, whole coffee beans, hot and cold drinks. They are one of the successful companies in coffee industry. With an interview with a manager it has been known that within the whole organization, Starbucks operates both tall and flat structure. In stores Starbucks maintains flat functional structure where as in corporate sector they operate tall structure. Starbucks have only two levels in their flat structure which they operate in stores. The manager is the top person and baristas (Sales assistant) are the staffs. The baristas and managers both work together inside a store and stay very close to customers. Any problems, changes and feedbacks from baristas or customers are taken into consideration by the managers and dealt very quickly. Generally senior baristas are promoted to managers when a manager resigns. By adopting a flat structure within a store has saved cost of the company. The company is paying less money as there are few managers. Baristas and managers have a good understanding which helps to get all the jobs done in the store. All baristas have clear concept of what to do and where to report anything as there are only one manager. On the contrary Starbucks have tall organisational structure in corporate sector. There are foul levels of management above store management. The top position is the chief executive officer. By adopting the tall structure in corporate sector has enabled Starbucks to manage all sectors of the company smoothly and therefore gain success.
另一方面，扁平的组织结构大多被小型组织所采用。许多大型组织在其生命周期的开始和结束时也可能具有扁平结构。在一个扁平的结构中，通常有专注力强的员工，他们知道自己的老板是谁。他们也有合作、灵活性、超越界限工作、分享问题的机会的心态。扁平的组织结构有助于公司节省成本并与客户保持密切联系。像当地街头商店这样的小型组织就是结构更平坦的例子。PFC，一家街头鸡肉店，就是一个结构平坦的例子。通过对经理的采访，我们知道他们的结构中有经理，很少有员工。为了给公司带来成功，经理和员工共同努力。有时，经理是公司结构扁平化的所有者。组织也可以在其高层结构中采用扁平结构，星巴克就是一个例子。最大的咖啡店“星巴克”最早在华盛顿州西雅图成立。1998年5月，星巴克有效地加入了包括英国在内的欧盟。星巴克专营咖啡、全咖啡豆、冷热饮料。他们是咖啡行业最成功的公司之一。通过对一位经理的采访，人们已经知道，在整个组织中，星巴克既有高层建筑，也有平面建筑。在商店里，星巴克保持着扁平的功能结构，而在企业部门，他们经营着高大的结构。星巴克的平面结构只有两层，他们在商店里经营。经理是高层，咖啡师（销售助理）是员工。咖啡师和经理都在商店里一起工作，并与顾客保持非常近的距离。咖啡师或顾客的任何问题、变化和反馈都会被经理考虑在内，并迅速得到处理。一般来说，当经理辞职时，高级咖啡师会晋升为经理。通过在商店内采用扁平结构，节省了公司的成本。由于管理人员很少，这家公司支付的钱越来越少。咖啡师和经理们有很好的理解力，这有助于完成店里的所有工作。所有的咖啡师都清楚地知道该做什么，在哪里报告，因为只有一个经理。恰恰相反，星巴克在企业部门有很高的组织结构。在商店管理层之上存在着肮脏的管理层。最高职位是首席执行官。通过在企业部门采用高层结构，星巴克得以顺利地管理公司的各个部门，从而获得成功。
6.0 Conclusion 结论
All organisations must need to have a structure. Both organisational structures have some something good and bad sides. If a company wants the employees to be cooperative, better alignment and engagement across the structure, then flat structure is better. Employees have strong voice and any changes are easily adapted in this structure. This encourages the employee’s independent thinking and teamwork. Flat structured companies much need to transform to tall structures when it begin to grow larger. For organisations that are big in size a tall structure can be good. It helps the company to manage all division in same pace. But if a tall structure is handled badly it could be unpleasant and authoritarian. Well handled tall structure is disciplined and liberate.
所有组织都必须有一个结构。这两种组织结构都有好的一面和坏的一面。如果一家公司希望员工在整个结构中合作、更好地协调和参与，那么扁平结构更好。员工有很强的发言权，任何变化都很容易适应这种结构。这鼓励了员工的独立思考和团队合作。当扁平结构的公司开始变得更大时，它非常需要向高层结构转型。对于规模较大的组织来说，高大的结构可能是不错的。这有助于公司以同样的速度管理所有部门。但是，如果一个高层建筑处理不当，可能会令人不快，而且是专制的。处理得当的高层建筑纪律严明，解放自如。本站提供各国各专业留学生assignment作业格式范文，留学生assignment作业代写以及留学生assignment作业写作辅导，如有需要可咨询本平台。