在留学生论文写作过程中通常会遇到RESEARCH METHODOLOGY部分，许多国内学生并不了解方法论的基本概念和写作方法。本文将解释研究方法论的概念，包括现有的主要方法论方法和哲学的概述；接下来，将解释有助于实现本研究主题目标的研究策略。请仔细阅读本文的具体内容，有助于提高留学生论文写作水平。
INTRODUCTION 引言
This section will explain the concept of research methodology, including an outline on the main methodological approaches and philosophies that exist; following this, the research strategies that will serve to address the objectives of this research topic will be explained.
According to Saunders et al. (2009), three characteristics exist for carrying out research:
Systematic collection of data.系统地收集数据。
Systematic interpretation of data.数据的系统解释。
A clear reason for investigation exists.有一个明确的调查理由。
Therefore, individuals generally undertake research because they want discover new things in a systematic manner, and hence expand their knowledge about a particular subject. Research in the business and management field is crucial as it serves to provide solutions to problems that exist in businesses. There are particular qualities that are required for carrying out good research including good communication, intellectual, organizational and IT skills. The researcher may already have these skills, or may need to develop them over the course of the research (Collins and Hussey, 2003).
因此，个人进行研究通常是因为他们希望以系统的方式发现新事物，从而扩展他们对特定学科的知识。商业和管理领域的研究至关重要，因为它有助于为企业中存在的问题提供解决方案。进行良好的研究需要具备一些特殊的素质，包括良好的沟通、智力、组织和IT技能。研究人员可能已经掌握了这些技能，或者可能需要在研究过程中发展这些技能。
Research methodology is the process used to provide solutions to research problems in a systematic manner (Kumar, 2008). It is multidimensional and is the rationality behind the research methods chosen for the investigation. Research methodology provides the platform for the researcher to explain and evaluate the research strategies implemented.
研究方法论是以系统的方式为研究问题提供解决方案的过程。它是多维的，是为调查选择的研究方法背后的合理性。研究方法论为研究人员解释和评估所实施的研究策略提供了平台。
APPROACHES TO METHODOLOGY 方法论的建议
One can choose to take either a deductive or an inductive approach to undertaking research, both of which would influence the manner information and results are collected and distributed. The deductive approach to research involves developing a theory based on knowledge and understanding which is already in place, therefore is scrutinised and faces the risk of being unaccepted. Whereas the inductive approach begins with data collection followed by analysis of results and forming conclusions and theories based on the results (Saunder et al, 2009). In this kind of research approach, the flow of processes begins with observation and ends with findings and forming theories, which can be further integrated into knowledge that already exists. From this, it is planned that this current research will undertake an inductive approach, which will first involve data gathering, and following analysis, form conclusions as to how to enhance the management of information systems in NHS hospitals.
人们可以选择采用演绎或归纳的方法进行研究，这两种方法都会影响信息和结果的收集和分发方式。演绎研究方法涉及开发一种基于知识和理解的理论，这种理论已经存在，因此受到仔细审查，并面临被不接受的风险。而归纳方法从数据收集开始，然后分析结果，并根据结果形成结论和理论。在这种研究方法中，过程的流程从观察开始，到发现和形成理论结束，这些理论可以进一步整合到现有的知识中。据此，计划目前的这项研究将采取归纳方法，首先包括数据收集，然后进行分析，得出如何加强NHS医院信息系统管理的结论。
In research methodology, research can be undertaken over two different time periods, using a cross-sectional or longitudinal method for data collection. Cross-sectional relates to research carried out and is based on the current time and place. Longitudinal, on the other hand, concerns research carried out over a certain long period of time (Kumar, 2008). Judging from the topic area and the time constraints, this research will adopt a cross-sectional style.
在研究方法论中，研究可以在两个不同的时间段内进行，使用横截面或纵向方法进行数据收集。横截面与所进行的研究有关，并以当前的时间和地点为基础。另一方面，纵向研究涉及在一定长一段时间内进行的研究（Kumar，2008）。从主题领域和时间限制来看，本研究将采用横断面的方式。
RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES 研究体系
According to Saunders et al. (2009), there are three main categories of research philosophies, which are positivism, interperpretivism and realism:
研究体系主要有三类，即实证主义、互译主义和现实主义：
Positivism – this assumes that knowledge has a free value and is directly gained from experience. An important aspect of this viewpoint is that research is carried out in an independent and objective manner away from any kind of influences, and is based on quantitative data from the utilisation of a structured methodology.
实证主义——这假设知识具有自由价值，并且是直接从经验中获得的。这一观点的一个重要方面是，研究是以独立客观的方式进行的，不受任何形式的影响，并基于结构化方法的定量数据。
Interpretivism – this adopts a naturalist approach which places emphasisim on social constructionism and focuses on the underlying multiple social structures of knowledge. It is concerned with the attitudes of research subjects and views on the world. This type of philosophy supports the adoption of certain research techniques such as observation and interviews which in turn would enable to gain knowledge from different perspectives.
解释主义——这采用了自然主义的方法，强调社会建构主义，并关注知识的潜在多重社会结构。它关注的是研究对象的态度和对世界的看法。这种哲学支持采用某些研究技术，如观察和访谈，从而能够从不同的角度获得知识。
Realism – this is similar to the positivist theory, as it also adopts a scientific approach to the concept of knowledge development. It argues that a reality exists independent of the human mind, and that there are certain social forces that influence their behaviours and interpretations; therefore the intention of such approach is to be aware and understand these social forces.
现实主义——这与实证主义理论相似，因为它也采用了科学的方法来看待知识发展的概念。它认为，现实是独立于人类思想而存在的，并且有某些社会力量影响他们的行为和解释；因此，这种方法的目的是要意识到并理解这些社会力量。
Collis and Hussey (2003) state that the choice of research philosophy to adopt largely depends on the nature of the research, therefore there is no ‘correct’ strategy. Having defined the three main philosophies, it is clear that one would be able to incorporate the three of them into one research strategy. However, the philosophy that will be adopted for this research is the realist approach, which is essentially a combination of the positivism and interpretivism philosophies. This would involve the collection, interpretation and analysis of data, and establishing any social processes that might influence the behavior and actions of individuals.
Collis和Hussey指出，研究哲学的选择在很大程度上取决于研究的性质，因此没有“正确”的策略。在定义了三种主要哲学之后，很明显，人们可以将其中三种纳入一种研究策略。然而，本研究将采用的哲学是现实主义方法，它本质上是实证主义和解释主义哲学的结合。这将涉及数据的收集、解释和分析，以及建立任何可能影响个人行为和行动的社会过程。
RESEARCH STRATEGIES 研究策略
In order to address the objectives of the research topic, one has to implement certain research strategies that will enable the collection of the necessary data. Numerous research strategies are available including experiment, case study, survey, grounded theory, action research, ethnography and archival research (Saunders et al., 2009). The choice of the research strategy must take into consideration certain important aspects about the research topic, including the research questions and objectives, existing knowledge about the topic, the amount of time available and also the availability of other useful sources (Saunders et al., 2009).
为了实现研究主题的目标，必须实施某些研究策略，以收集必要的数据。有许多研究策略，包括实验、案例研究、调查、基础理论、行动研究、民族志和档案研究。研究策略的选择必须考虑到研究主题的某些重要方面，包括研究问题和目标、有关该主题的现有知识、可用的时间以及其他有用来源的可用性。
PRIMARY RESEARCH 初步研究
This involves the use of different techniques to collect current information. This is an important way to gain an insight into the research topic and it enables the addition of certain information and ideas to the available literature surrounding the topic. This is done using a variety of methods.
这涉及到使用不同的技术来收集当前信息。这是深入了解研究主题的一种重要方式，可以在围绕该主题的现有文献中添加某些信息和想法。这是使用多种方法完成的。
SECONDARY RESEARCH 二次研究
This involves collecting relevant information relating to information systems in the NHS, including details about their roles, impacts and management, with particular reference to the London Ambulance Computer Aided Dispatch system. This requires the review and examination of a number of materials including journals, books, the internet and newspapers.
这包括收集与NHS信息系统相关的信息，包括其作用、影响和管理的详细信息，特别是参考伦敦救护车计算机辅助调度系统。这需要对包括期刊、书籍、互联网和报纸在内的许多材料进行审查和审查。
The researcher will undertake both primary and secondary research to thoroughly investigate the research topic. For primary research, the case study strategy will be chosen as the research strategy for this study, which is explained in more detail as follows.
研究人员将进行初级和次级研究，以彻底调查研究主题。对于初级研究，将选择案例研究策略作为本研究的研究策略，具体解释如下。
CASE STUDY STRATEGY 案例研究策略
Given the nature of the research topic, a case study has been chosen as the research strategy to be implemented in this research. According to Robson (2002), a case study enables the researcher to focus on a specific situation and explore a single phenomenon, by collection of data using a variety of methods. This research strategy has the ability to provide answers for the ‘why?’, ‘what’ and ‘how?’ questions (Saunders et al, 2009), and it will enable the researcher to gain a thorough understanding of the chosen topic area.
鉴于研究主题的性质，本研究选择了一个案例研究作为研究策略。根据Robson的说法，通过使用各种方法收集数据，案例研究使研究人员能够专注于特定情况并探索单一现象。这种研究策略能够为“为什么？”提供答案什么和如何问题，这将使研究人员能够对所选主题领域有一个全面的了解。
RESEARCH METHODS 研究方法
For the purpose of this research topic, both qualitative and quantitiative measures will be used for collection and analysis of data. The research methods chosen will be in the form of questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires are an effective technique of collecting data in which individuals are asked to answer a pre-set list of questions in a specified order (Creswell, 1994). The questionnaire will be structured, predetermined and standardised; it will contain a mixture of closed and open-ended questions that will serve to address the research objectives. An advantage of using such research method is that it enables access to a great number of people over a large area. Furthermore, a questionnaire is a reliable research method as the questions are structured and predetermined, which means that they cannot be altered and consequently minimizing bias. However, at the same time, this structured approach will also mean that respondents are unable to answer freely and expand on their responses. Additionally, there is the potential of a threat to validity as respondents may not understand the question clearly and therefore give an answer to a question which is not intended by the researcher. Still, however, it is important to ensure that the questionnaire is well-constructed and easy to follow; because one needs to ensure a good response rate from the sampled population which is essential for gaining accurate information that would be helpful for the research.
出于本研究主题的目的，将使用定性和定量措施来收集和分析数据。所选择的研究方法将采用问卷调查和访谈的形式。问卷是一种收集数据的有效技术，要求个人按指定顺序回答预先设置的问题列表。调查问卷将是结构化的、预先确定的和标准化的；它将包含封闭式和开放式的混合问题，有助于解决研究目标。使用这种研究方法的一个优点是，它可以接触到大面积的大量人群。此外，问卷调查是一种可靠的研究方法，因为问题是结构化的和预先确定的，这意味着它们不能被改变，从而最大限度地减少偏见。然而，与此同时，这种结构化的方法也意味着受访者无法自由回答并扩大他们的回答范围。此外，有效性也有可能受到威胁，因为受访者可能不清楚地理解这个问题，因此对研究人员不打算回答的问题给出了答案。然而，重要的是要确保调查表结构良好，易于遵循；因为需要确保采样人群的良好响应率，这对于获得有助于研究的准确信息至关重要。
The second research method that will be used is a semi-structured interview. This will be carried out face to face with certain staff members working for the NHS, such as hospital managers and paramedics. The aim of the semi-structured interviews is to provide more focus on the research topic by gaining reliable information from key staff members who are familiar with the topic area, and hence generate valuable information for the research. The semi-structured approach to questioning will enable the researcher to alter the style of questions appropriately depending on the individual being interviewed. Therefore, interviews provide greater flexibility compared to questionnaires, and are a relatively better tool in ensuring higher response rates. Nevertheless, both of the research methods when combined will enable the researcher to explore the complexity and gain valuable insight into the research area.
将要使用的第二种研究方法是半结构化访谈。这将与NHS的某些工作人员面对面进行，如医院经理和护理人员。半结构化访谈的目的是通过从熟悉主题领域的关键工作人员那里获得可靠信息，从而为研究提供有价值的信息，从而更多地关注研究主题。半结构化的提问方法将使研究人员能够根据被采访的个人适当地改变问题的风格。因此，与问卷调查相比，访谈提供了更大的灵活性，是确保更高答复率的相对更好的工具。尽管如此，这两种研究方法结合在一起将使研究人员能够探索复杂性，并对研究领域获得有价值的见解。
For the purposes of this research, a specific sampling method will be utilised, in which the researcher will select key people to include in the research study provided that those chosen can offer relevant information related to the topic; a technique called ‘purposive sampling’ (Saunders et al., 2009). The sample will be selected from three Northwest NHS Foundation Trusts, including St. Mary’s hospital, Chelsea and Westminister hospital and Hammersmith hospital. The key staff who will be included are hospital managers, paramedics, doctors and nurses. The researcher will aim for a combined sample size of 70 individuals based on questionnaires and interviews.
为了本研究的目的，将使用一种特定的抽样方法，即研究人员将选择关键人员参与研究，前提是这些关键人员能够提供与该主题相关的信息；一种名为“目的性采样”的技术。样本将从三个西北NHS基金会信托基金中选择，包括圣玛丽医院、切尔西和西部部长医院以及哈默史密斯医院。包括医院管理人员、护理人员、医生和护士在内的关键员工。研究人员将以问卷调查和访谈为基础，将样本量合并为70人。
ETHICAL ISSUES 伦理问题
The main ethical considerations that must be acknowledged by the researcher when conducting the methods for data collection are centered on the periods of gaining access to the hospitals and interviewing the staff. The researcher will need to respect certain ethical values such as the anonymity, confidentiality and personal privacy of the person being interviewed when collecting information during interviews. Moreover, the researcher must obviously gain an informed consent from every person prior to starting the interview or handing over the questionnaire.
研究人员在进行数据收集方法时必须承认的主要道德考虑集中在访问医院和采访员工的时间上。研究人员在采访过程中收集信息时，需要尊重某些道德价值观，如被采访者的匿名性、保密性和个人隐私。此外，研究人员显然必须在开始访谈或提交问卷之前获得每个人的知情同意。
SUMMARY 总结
In summary, this research of management of information systems in the NHS will assume an inductive and realist approach, to be implemented in a cross-sectional method, using a case study strategy employing both semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. In addition, secondary research will be undertaken in order assist in addressing the research objectives.
总之，这项关于英国国家医疗服务体系信息系统管理的研究将采用归纳和现实的方法，以横断面方法实施，使用半结构化访谈和问卷调查的案例研究策略。此外，还将进行二次研究，以协助实现研究目标。
以上是留学生论文RESEARCH METHODOLOGY的具体写作方法和写作范文参考，本站提供各国各专业留学生代写或写作指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。