留学生Banking作业代写-金融危机对伊斯兰银行的影响。本文是一篇留学生银行学作业写作范文，主要内容是讲述伊斯兰银行是一个非常年轻的概念，尽管它已经在两个穆斯林国家作为唯一的系统实施；许多穆斯林国家都有伊斯兰银行，少数非穆斯林国家也有。尽管成功接受，但仍存在问题。这些问题主要在融资方面。
迪拜伊斯兰银行是第一家私人无息银行，由一群来自不同国家的穆斯林商人于1975年成立。1977年，又有两家以费萨尔伊斯兰银行为名的私人银行在苏丹和埃及成立。自迪拜伊斯兰银行成立以来，已经设立了50多家无息银行。他们中的大多数人都在穆斯林国家，但西欧、丹麦、英国和瑞士也有其他人。下面内容就是这篇留学生Banking作业范文，供参考。
Islamic banking is a very young concept even though it has already been implemented as the only system in two Muslim countries; there are Islamic banks in many Muslim countries, and a few in non-Muslim countries as well. Despite the successful acceptance there are problems. These problems are mainly in the area of financing.
Dubai Islamic Bank was the first private interest free bank and was set up by a group of Muslim business men from different countries in 1975. in 1977 two more private banks under the name of Faisal Islamic bank were founded in Sudan and Egypt. Since the establishment of the Dubai Islamic Bank, more than 50 interest free banks have been set up. Most of them are in Muslim countries but there are others in Western Europe as well as Denmark, UK, and also Switzerland.
All the interest free banks use basic principles that are agreed upon but individual banks have different ways of implementing and applying the principles. These differences are brought about by a countries laws, the circumstances facing the bank, its objectives and experience as well as its interaction with other banks.
所有无息银行都使用商定的基本原则，但个别银行有不同的实施和应用这些原则的方式。这些差异是由一个国家的法律、银行面临的环境、银行的目标和经验以及与其他银行的互动所造成的。
The features of the Islamic banks 伊斯兰银行的特点
The interest free banks have three kinds of deposits, namely; current accounts, savings accounts and investment accounts. The current accounts operate just like the other conventional banks.
无息银行有三种存款，即：流通账户、储蓄账户和投资账户。流通账户的运作与其他传统银行一样。
In the savings accounts are treated differently depending on the banks policies. In some cases, the banks are allowed to use the clients money but they have to guarantee to give back full the full amount. In this cases, no capital is promised. On the other hand, savings accounts are treated as if they were investment accounts but they have less stringent withdrawal and minimum balance conditions. In these cases the expected profits level are usually low and only a portion of the average minimum balance is awarded.
在储蓄账户中，根据银行政策的不同，会有不同的处理方式。在某些情况下，银行可以使用客户的资金，但必须保证全额返还。在这种情况下，没有资本承诺。另一方面，储蓄账户被视为投资账户，但其提款和最低余额条件并不严格。在这些情况下，预期利润水平通常较低，仅获得平均最低余额的一部分。
With the investment accounts, deposits are accepted for a given period of time and the investors make an agreement in advance on how the profits will be shared with the banks. For this accounts, a capital is not guaranteed.
对于投资账户，在一定时间内接受存款，投资者事先就如何与银行分享利润达成协议。对于这些账户，不保证资金。
MODES OF FINANCING 融资方式
The mode of financing in the Islamic banks is carried out in three ways; investment financing, trade financing, and also lending.
Investment financing has three perspectives; musharaka, mudharaba and estimated rates on return basis investment. In mushraka, the bank joins another bank to set up a joint venture with both parties participating in their different activities. The profit or loss made from the venture business is shares among the banks in accordance to a pre arranged agreement. This venture is usually an independent legal entity and the bank has the right to gradually withdraw after the initial period.
伊斯兰银行的融资模式有三种方式：；投资融资、贸易融资以及贷款。
投资融资有三个角度；穆沙拉卡、穆哈拉巴和估计回报率投资。在穆什拉卡，该银行与另一家银行共同成立了一家合资企业，双方都参与了各自的活动。根据预先安排的协议，风险业务产生的利润或损失是银行之间的股份。该合资企业通常是一个独立的法人实体，银行有权在初始期限后逐步退出。
In mudarabha, a bank contributes finances required for an investment and the client sources and provides the needed expertise, labor as well as the management to oversee things. The profit gained from these investment is shared between the bank and the client according to a pre arranged plan. Incase losses are made, the bank takes responsibility.
在穆哈拉巴，银行提供投资所需的资金和客户来源，并提供所需的专业知识、劳动力和管理层来监督事情。从这些投资中获得的利润由银行和客户根据预先安排的计划分享。如果造成损失，银行将承担责任。
Financing on the basis of an estimated rate of return. The bank makes an estimation of the expected rate of returns on an investment on project that it has been requested by a client to finance. The bank then provides the financing on the condition that the rate is payable to the bank in a given time period or intervals. Incase the expected rate on return is higher than the estimated rate, the client takes the excess profits but if it is less than the estimated rate, the bank accepts the lower rates. In case of a loss, the bank shares in it.
根据估计收益率进行融资。银行对客户要求融资的项目投资的预期回报率进行估算。然后，银行提供融资，条件是在给定的时间段或间隔内向银行支付利率。如果预期回报率高于预计回报率，客户将获得超额利润，但如果低于预计回报率则银行将接受较低的回报率。如果发生损失，银行将分担损失。
Trade financing 贸易融资
Trade financing is also carried out in several ways; mark up, leasing, hire purchase, sell an buy back, and letters of credit. In the mark up approach, the bank buys an asset for the client and is to be paid at a certain time for a certain price and some profit. In leasing, the bank simply purchase an item and leases to a client for an agreed time. At the end of this time period, the client pays the balance and becomes the owner of the item. Hire purchase is similar to leasing only that the item purchased by the bank is hired to the client for a given period and when the ends, the client automatically becomes the owner if the item.
贸易融资也以多种方式进行；加价、租赁、租购、回购和信用证。在加价法中，银行为客户购买资产，并在某一时间以一定的价格和一定的利润支付。在租赁中，银行只需购买一件物品，并在约定的时间内租赁给客户。在此时间段结束时，客户支付余额，并成为项目的所有者。分期付款购买与租赁类似，仅当银行购买的物品在指定期限内出租给客户时，客户自动成为物品的所有者。
The buy and sell back approach entails a client selling an asset to the bank at a price payable immediately and promises to buy it back from the bank after an agreed time period and for a pre determined price. Letters of credit involves international trade. In this case, the bank uses its funds to guarantee the import of an item in place of the client, on condition that the profits made from the sale of the item will be shared between the bank and the client.
回购方法要求客户以立即支付的价格向银行出售资产，并承诺在约定的时间段后以预先确定的价格从银行回购。信用证涉及国际贸易。在这种情况下，银行使用其资金来代替客户担保某一物品的进口，条件是该物品的销售利润将由银行和客户共享。
LENDING 贷款
The third mode of financing used in the Islamic banks is lending and it has three forms namely; loans with service charge, no cost loans and bank overdrafts. Loans with service charge are loans that are given to the clients with no interest but a service charge is levied to cover the expenses incurred by the bank during the transaction. No cost loans are loans offered by the bank and no interest or service charge is required. The bank is required to set aside funds to enable it to grant these loans that are aimed at helping the needy people and also the small businesses. Bank overdrafts are also allowed in the Islamic banks and free of charge but they are subject to a certain maximum.
伊斯兰银行使用的第三种融资方式是贷款，它有三种形式：；服务费贷款、无成本贷款和银行透支。有服务费的贷款是指向客户提供的无息贷款，但收取服务费以支付银行在交易过程中产生的费用。无成本贷款是银行提供的贷款，不需要利息或服务费。银行必须留出资金，以便发放这些贷款，以帮助有需要的人和小企业。伊斯兰银行也允许银行透支，而且是免费的，但有一定的上限。
Other services offered by the Islamic banks are; money transfers, bill collections as well as foreign currency trade which is at a spot rate. Islamic bankers treat their depositors as partners, in the sense that they have invested their money in the bank and the profits and losses should be shared accordingly
伊斯兰银行提供的其他服务包括：；汇款、票据托收以及即期汇率的外币交易。伊斯兰银行家将他们的存款人视为合作伙伴，因为他们把钱投资到了银行，利润和损失应该相应地分摊
The effects of financial crisis on Islamic banking 金融危机对伊斯兰银行业的影响
Islamic banks looks at the sharia law for guidance in its activities and bans interest gaining activities and trading debt. Islamic finance is being promoted as way of dealing with the financial crises that is global. This year is said to be a mile stone for Islamic banking in the sense that the global financial crises has provided the Islamic banking with a golden opportunity globally re establish itself as a main stream and a financier and provider for equity and debt. The main reason as to why Islamic financing is said to be a good remedy for the current market is the fact that one can only promise what they have.
伊斯兰银行在其活动中寻求伊斯兰教法的指导，并禁止获取利息的活动和交易债务。伊斯兰金融正在被推广为应对全球金融危机的方式。今年据说是伊斯兰银行业的里程碑，因为全球金融危机为伊斯兰银行业提供了一个黄金机会，使其在全球范围内重新成为一个主流、融资者和股权和债务提供者。伊斯兰融资之所以被认为是当前市场的一个很好的补救办法，主要原因是人们只能承诺他们所拥有的。
For the first time, Islamic banking has been considered as a choice among the present structures and the current systems in reference to products and solutions to the financial crisis. It is therefore important for nations to adopt the Islamic banking techniques and principles in running their economies.
就金融危机的产品和解决方案而言，伊斯兰银行业首次被认为是当前结构和现行制度中的一种选择。因此，各国在经营经济时采用伊斯兰银行技术和原则非常重要。
Islamic banking industry is facing challenges and most of these challenges are in real estate and stock prices, according to advocates the system has built-in protection from the kind of runaway collapse that has afflicted so many institutions. The use of financial instruments like derivatives, which are said to contribute highly to the down fall of banks, insurance and investment giants, is banned.
伊斯兰银行业正面临挑战，其中大部分挑战都在房地产和股票价格方面，据拥护者称，该系统具有内置的保护措施，避免让众多机构陷入失控的崩溃。禁止使用衍生工具等金融工具，因为它们被认为对银行、保险和投资巨头的衰落有很大贡献。
The dealing of Islamic banks is directly linked to economic activities that involve assets or the provision of services. This banking system is also distinguished from other financial systems fo it commitment in upholding integrity and its way of avoiding risky business activities. The reason as to why this global financial crises has greatly affected other banks especially the world bank is their involvement in debt buying and accounts enlargement without evident or tangible transactions being carried out.
伊斯兰银行的交易与涉及资产或提供服务的经济活动直接相关。这一银行体系也有别于其他金融体系，因为它致力于维护诚信和避免风险商业活动的方式。这场全球金融危机之所以对其他银行尤其是世界银行产生了巨大影响，是因为它们在没有进行明显或有形交易的情况下参与了债务购买和账户扩大。
The fact that the Islamic banking has been the least affected by the financial crisis has made it more attractive. Islamic Banking portrays many new and unique ideas that present the Islamic Banking system as a way of ensuring full employment, equitability of wealth, prices stability, income distribution, and sustained growth. The Islamic bank also carries out investigations on the nature and functions of money in interest free banking system and then, integrates money in capital theory.
伊斯兰银行业受金融危机影响最小，这一事实使其更具吸引力。伊斯兰银行描绘了许多新的和独特的理念，这些理念将伊斯兰银行体系视为确保充分就业、财富平等、价格稳定、收入分配和持续增长的一种方式。伊斯兰银行还对无息银行系统中货币的性质和功能进行调查，然后将货币纳入资本理论。
The lack of debt in the Islamic financial systems has saved it from many financial problems that are brought about by bad credit and this has seen its survival through rough financial periods. Also its prohibition of a risk free interest on return and trading permission has made the financial activities in an Islamic financial set up to be real estate backed and this gives it the ability to bring about value addition.
The success of the Islamic banking regardless of the global financial crises is attributed to its capitalist financial system. The reason as to why Islamic banks have remained immune to the mortgage problem acing the international finance systems is because of their inherent factors. These factors include ; taking precautionary measures against money laundering, prohibiting trading in debt and also the professional and official restraints on taking up risky projects.
伊斯兰金融体系缺乏债务，使其免于许多由不良信贷带来的金融问题，这也使其在艰难的金融时期得以生存。此外，它禁止无风险的回报利息和交易许可，使得伊斯兰金融机构的金融活动得到了房地产支持，这使其有能力实现增值。
伊斯兰银行业在全球金融危机中的成功归功于其资本主义金融体系。伊斯兰银行之所以对国际金融体系面临的抵押贷款问题保持免疫，是因为它们的内在因素。这些因素包括：；采取预防洗钱的措施，禁止债务交易，以及对从事风险项目的专业和官方限制。
There were complains that the Islamic banks were not offering genuine Islamic banking products they offered products similar to those in other commercial banks and gave them an Islamic name with the aim of attracting commercial banks customers who did not want to pay interests. The effects of the global financial crisis on the Islamic banks was not known since the Islamic banks received a lot of support from many other governments. Instead, the Islamic banks have taken precautionary measures and diversified their economic activities so as to avoid the financial crises consequences.
有人抱怨说，伊斯兰银行没有提供真正的伊斯兰银行产品，他们提供的产品与其他商业银行的产品类似，并给它们起了一个伊斯兰名字，目的是吸引不想支付利息的商业银行客户。全球金融危机对伊斯兰银行的影响尚不清楚，因为伊斯兰银行得到了许多其他政府的支持。相反，伊斯兰银行采取了预防措施，并使其经济活动多样化，以避免金融危机的后果。
It is argued that the global crises might continue for the next two years but the Islamic banks have secured liquidity which places it at a better position in facing the financial crisis in comparison to other financial systems. This success has led to serious considerations of using Islamic banking principles as it has continued to realize more achievements and has proved to be resilient an d viable to the currently crisis hit financial system.
这篇留学生Banking作业的作者认为，全球危机可能会在未来两年内持续，但伊斯兰银行已经获得了流动性，与其他金融体系相比，伊斯兰银行在应对金融危机时处于更好的地位。这一成功促使人们认真考虑使用伊斯兰银行原则，因为伊斯兰银行继续取得了更多的成就，并被证明对当前遭受危机冲击的金融体系具有韧性和可行性。本站提供各国各专业留学生代写或指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。