留学生论文范文-企业家商业计划。本文是一篇管理学留学生论文写作范文，主要内容是讲述在当今的环境中，创业计划是创业者建立新企业时最重要的文件。如果没有一个精心设计和精心呈现的商业计划的帮助，企业家将很难表达其商业目标或获得融资。如果没有商业计划，几乎不可能有人认真对待你的商业想法，甚至考虑投资。
因为本论文是关于建立一种新的社交网络的商业计划，我们将首先从整个文献中关于概念商业计划的概述开始。在这篇留学生论文中，定义了术语商业计划以及商业计划的主要功能，然后概述了商业计划的典型结构。此外，还展示了文献中关于主题商业计划的问题讨论。
Introduction 简介
In today’s environment, the business plan is the entrepreneur’s most important document when setting up a new business. Without the help of a well-designed and well- presented business plan the entrepreneur will find it very difficult to express its business goals or secure financing. Without a business plan, it is almost impossible for someone to take your business idea seriously or even consider investing in it.
Because this thesis is about setting up a business plan for the start-up of a new kind of social network, we will first start with an overview about the concept business plan throughout the literature. In this literature study the term business plan is defined as well as the main functions of the business plan followed by an overview of the typical structure of the business plan. Furthermore, a problem discussion on the topic business plan in the literature is displayed.
In the next part the main focus will lay on the composition of the financial plan.
在下一部分中，主要重点将放在财务计划的组成上。
Subsequently, in the section Location Based Social Network a brief explanation is given about LBSN to give the reader an idea about what the business idea is all about.
随后，在基于位置的社交网络一节中，对LBSN进行了简要解释，以让读者了解商业理念的含义。
An entrepreneur willing to start his own enterprise stands before a lot of obstacles. Building up a company does not happen over one night.
一个愿意创业的企业家面临着很多障碍。建立一家公司不是一夜之间的事。
Theoretical framework Introduction 理论框架介绍
There was a time that entrepreneurs only had to write a letter to propose their business idea and send it to some investors to secure funding. Nowadays, investors are far more demanding and expect a higher level of expertise and preparation from the entrepreneurs they choose to fund. Kleiner (2007), a legendary venture capitalist states that when examining a proposal, investors want to see much more than just a good idea and a bright young man or woman: they want to see a business plan showing that the concept has been thoroughly assessed and that the entrepreneur has carefully thought through the issues for taking the necessary steps of taking the idea and transform it into a successful company. [1]
曾经有一段时间，创业者只需写一封信，提出他们的商业想法，然后寄给一些投资者，以获得资金。如今，投资者的要求要高得多，他们希望自己选择的创业者能够提供更高水平的专业知识和准备。Kleiner是一位传奇的风险投资家，他表示，在审查提案时，投资者希望看到的不仅仅是一个好主意和一个聪明的年轻人或女人：他们希望看到一份商业计划书，表明这个概念已经过彻底评估，企业家已经仔细考虑了采取必要步骤将这个想法转化为成功公司的问题。
The emergence of the business plan 商业计划书的出现
The term business plan is a word that found its origin during the Second World War period. Back then it was mostly used to define the long term strategies of big firms. The Business Plan was a highly confidential document and was only exposed to a very limited audience. During the 80’s the term business plan became more popular and it was then that the first articles appeared discussing the issues behind the business plan. From that decade on, the term business plan was mainly used to indicate the start-up of new and emerging companies. (Karlsson, 2005) [2]. This may be the reason that when the term business plan is mentioned the first image that crosses people’s minds is the start-up business, which has not to be especially so because The Ernst and Young Business Guide (1987) points out that even established firms can have formal written business plans to determine or evaluate the accomplishment of business goals.
商业计划一词起源于第二次世界大战期间。当时，它主要用于定义大公司的长期战略。《商业计划书》是一份高度机密的文件，只向非常有限的受众公开。在80年代，商业计划这一术语变得更加流行，正是在那时，第一篇文章开始讨论商业计划背后的问题。从那十年开始，“商业计划”一词主要用于表示新公司和新兴公司的成立。这可能是因为，当提到商业计划这个词时，人们脑海中浮现的第一个形象是初创企业，这一点并不特别重要，因为《安永商业指南》指出，即使是老牌公司，也可以制定正式的书面商业计划来确定或评估商业目标的实现情况。
Definition of a Business Plan 商业计划的定义
The literature on the topic business plans is awash with information and offers a lot of definitions.. Essentially these definitions have all the same meanings. Abrams & Barrow (2005) define the business plan as a roadmap to the company’s targeted destination. Ideally, it enables the entrepreneur to get from the basic business concepts to a healthy, successful business.
关于商业计划这一主题的文献信息丰富，并提供了许多定义。本质上，这些定义都具有相同的含义。Abrams&Barrow将商业计划定义为公司目标的路线图。理想情况下，它使企业家能够从基本的商业理念转变为健康、成功的企业。
Barringer (2009) describe it as a “written document that carefully explains every internal and external aspects of a new venture” (Barringer, 2009, p. 1)
Barringer将其描述为“一份书面文件，仔细解释了新企业的内部和外部方面”
The format of the business plan 商业计划书的格式
We can distinct three main factors throughout literature from which the BP structure will manly depend. To begin with, the format of the business plan will mainly depend on the purpose for which the BP is elaborated. For instance Barringer (2008) states that a BP established for a start-up company to investigate the feasibility of the venture may somewhat differ from that of a business in expansion that wants to evaluate the accomplishment of the business goals. For example, a start-up firm will not be able to dwell much about the company’s history or past successes.
我们可以在整个文献中区分BP结构主要依赖的三个主要因素。首先，商业计划的格式将主要取决于制定BP的目的。例如，Barringer指出，为一家初创公司设立的BP调查合资企业的可行性，可能与想要评估业务目标实现情况的扩张企业有所不同。例如，一家初创公司将无法详细讲述公司的历史或过去的成功。
Further, Mason and Stark (2004) argue that whether the entrepreneur is pursuing capital from a bank, a business angel or even a venture capitalist, the format of the business plan should be adapted accordingly.
此外，Mason和Stark认为，无论企业家是从银行、商业天使甚至风险资本家那里寻求资本，商业计划的格式都应该相应地进行调整。
So we can conclude that depending on the firm’s level of development or on what purpose the business plan serves, i.e. to raise capital or for internal purposes, the emphasis on the topics will be different and the format of BP will vary accordingly.
因此，我们可以得出结论，根据公司的发展水平或商业计划的目的，即筹集资本或用于内部目的，对主题的强调将有所不同，BP的格式也会相应变化。
Functions of the BP BP的功能
The academic literature provides an abundance of information on the topic: functions of the BP. A single search with GoogleTM Scholar found 2.3 million hits for terms ‘function*’ AND ‘business plan*’. After going through books and relevant literature we can differentiate internal as well external uses for the business plan.
学术文献提供了关于BP功能的大量信息。使用GoogleTM Scholar进行的一次搜索发现，“功能”和“商业计划”这两个词有230万次点击。通过阅读书籍和相关文献，我们可以区分商业计划书的内部和外部用途。
External purposes 外部目的
Raising finance:筹集资金
Most of the time when people think about the reason why a business plan is written, the first thing that pops up in their head is to raise money. It is a fact that most lenders or investors will not put money into a business without first seeing the actual business plan self. If the purpose of the bp is indeed to raise finance, its test will be how much interest it can generate from reviewers in as little time as possible and ultimately how much money it can attract from investors.
大多数时候，当人们思考商业计划书的原因时，脑海中浮现的第一件事就是筹集资金。事实上，大多数贷款人或投资者在没有看到实际商业计划的情况下，不会将资金投入到企业中。如果bp的目的确实是筹集资金，那么它的考验将是它能在尽可能短的时间内从审查人员那里产生多少兴趣，最终能从投资者那里吸引多少资金。
Attracting Human Capital 吸引人力资本
Zetterberg (2004) assigns another interesting external function to the business plan: it can also be used as a tool for attracting human capital. It is not uncommon that a potential employee wants to see the company’s business plan before making a decision whether joining or not.
Zetterberg为商业计划分配了另一个有趣的外部功能：它也可以作为吸引人力资本的工具。在决定是否加入之前，潜在员工希望查看公司的商业计划，这并不罕见。
Internal purposes 内部目的
It seems very unlikely that the sole purpose of a business plan is only that of a fund raising device. Instead, Abrams and Barrow (2005) argue that the business plan has a lot of intrinsic value. The authors of the Business Plan Guide Plan for start-up companies also support this theorem that while developing the business plan has chance to take advantage of two big opportunities:
商业计划的唯一目的似乎不太可能仅仅是筹集资金。相反，Abrams和Barrow认为商业计划有很多内在价值。创业公司商业计划指南计划的作者也支持这一定理，即在制定商业计划的同时，有机会利用两个大机会：
Marketing plan 营销计划
First of all, it gives the entrepreneur the opportunity to learn about the industry and the market. When writing a business plan the entrepreneur will have to go to the process of writing a marketing plan. This should give the entrepreneur some valuable insights in who the most important competitors are, who will be his main customer, and also facts about the industry like for example, the market restrictions, market size, and so on.
首先，它让企业家有机会了解行业和市场。在撰写商业计划时，企业家必须着手撰写营销计划。这应该给企业家一些有价值的见解，包括谁是最重要的竞争对手，谁将是他的主要客户，以及有关行业的事实，例如市场限制、市场规模等。
Internal planning doc.内部计划文件
Secondly it can be used as an internal planning document. Developing a business plan enables the entrepreneur to make the vital business decisions that enable the entrepreneur to focus on his activities and maximize his resources. Immers, while developing the business plan, one will increase the understanding of the many forces that have an impact on your business’s success, which in turn will give a stronger sense of control. Like for example understanding the financial aspects of the business including break-even and cash flow requirements.
其次，它可以用作内部计划文件。制定商业计划使企业家能够做出重要的商业决策，使企业家能够专注于自己的活动并最大限度地利用自己的资源。在制定商业计划的过程中，沉浸式学习会加深对影响企业成功的诸多因素的理解，从而增强控制感。例如，了解业务的财务方面，包括收支平衡和现金流要求。
It is also interesting to note that a business plan can be used within different timeframes.
值得注意的是，商业计划可以在不同的时间范围内使用。
First of all it can be used to determine the Viability of a Future Business 首先，它可以用来确定未来业务的可行性
Allen et al. (2006) describe the BP as “a plan which can be used to develop ideas about how the business should be conducted.” According to the authors, the entrepreneurs have, by investigating all the different aspects of the venture, such as finance and marketing, the chance to “make mistakes on paper” rather than making them in the real world and refine their strategies accordingly.
Allen等人将BP描述为“一个可以用来发展关于如何开展业务的想法的计划”。根据作者的说法，企业家通过调查企业的所有不同方面，如财务和营销，有机会“在纸面上犯错误”，而不是在现实世界中犯错误，并相应地改进他们的策略。
Determine/Evaluate the Accomplishment of the Business Goals 确定/评估业务目标的实现情况
Secondly, Schultz et al. (1987) point out that a business plan can be a retrospective tool, against which a businessperson can assess a company’s actual performance over time. For example, the financial part of a business plan can be used as the basis for an operating budget, and can be monitored carefully to see how closely the business is sticking to that budget.
其次，Schultz等人指出，商业计划可以是一种回顾性工具，根据该工具，商人可以评估一段时间内公司的实际业绩。例如，商业计划的财务部分可以作为运营预算的基础，并可以仔细监控，以了解企业在多大程度上遵守该预算。
In this point of view, the plan should be used as the basis for a new plan. After some time has elapsed, the business plan should be re-examined to see if the company has accomplished its business goals and if necessary needs redirection.
从这个角度来看，该计划应作为新计划的基础。过了一段时间后，应该重新检查业务计划，看看公司是否实现了其业务目标，如有必要，还需要重新调整方向。
To write or not to write a business plan / The relationship between Pre-start-up Formal Business Plans and Post-start-up Performance
The opinions on the topic whether a business plan is a useful document or whether it is more a waste of time are not unanimous throughout the literature. Despite a lot of researches that have been conducted within this field, the findings from studies that examined whether there is a relationship between the pre-start-up formal business plan and the post-start-up efficiency of the company are not consistent throughout the literature. The word efficiency in this particular circumstance means that it has not been proved that the Business Plan will help a new venture in succeeding.
编写或不编写商业计划/启动前正式商业计划与启动后绩效之间的关系
关于商业计划书是一份有用的文件还是更浪费时间的问题，文献中的观点并不一致。尽管在这一领域进行了大量研究，但在整个文献中，检查公司启动前正式商业计划与启动后效率之间是否存在关系的研究结果并不一致。在这种特殊情况下，效率一词意味着尚未证明商业计划将有助于新企业取得成功。
Some studies claim that they found no relationship between a formal written BP and performance. For example: “Does formal business planning enhance the performance of new ventures?” (Lumpkin et al. 1998) This study examined the relation between planning and performance among 94 firms of which 54 new entrants. Results suggest that new startup companies who use formal written business plans fail to outperform those who don’t.
一些研究声称，他们发现正式书面BP与绩效之间没有关系。例如：“正式的商业计划是否能提高新企业的绩效？”这项研究考察了94家公司（其中54家为新进入者）的计划与绩效之间的关系。结果表明，使用正式书面商业计划的新创业公司的表现并没有超过那些不使用的公司。
Of course there are a lot more factors outside writing a business plan playing a role in the future success of the firm. Initially raised capital, experience of the entrepreneurs, used business model, the age of the venture, are just a few to be named. Recent studies conducted by Lange et al. (2007) took all these factors into account and examined whether pre-start up business planning affects the subsequent post-start-up performance of the new enterprise.
当然，除了撰写商业计划外，还有很多因素对公司未来的成功起着作用。最初筹集的资金、创业者的经验、使用的商业模式、创业的时代，这些都只是其中的几个。Lange等人最近进行的研究考虑了所有这些因素，并检查了启动前业务规划是否会影响新企业的后续启动后绩效。
Their dataset contained 116 Babson College alums graduated between 1985 and 2003 that started a new business since graduating. From the results of the study it appeared that there is no difference in performance between new ventures that started with a written business plan and those who chose not to write one.
他们的数据集包含116名毕业于1985年至2003年的巴布森学院校友，他们毕业后开始了新的创业。从研究结果来看，以书面商业计划开始的新企业与选择不写商业计划的新企业在业绩上没有差异。
Of course one could argue that the studied dataset has a few limitations. First of all the dataset only comprises ventures started by Babson College which is somewhat limited and will compromise the external validity. It will be difficult to generalize the findings of this study to the rest of the start-up ventures in business world. However, there are benefits at this bounded dataset: the respondents have similar educations. This will limit and take into account the influence from the independent variable, education. On the other hand the taken sample frame is randomized and longitudinal which will benefit the internal validity. This means that the research design allows to formulate a correct answer to the proposed hypothesis.
当然，有人可能会认为，所研究的数据集有一些局限性。首先，数据集仅包含Babson学院开办的企业，这有点有限，会影响外部有效性。很难将这项研究的结果推广到商业领域的其他初创企业。然而，这个有限的数据集也有好处：受访者的教育程度相似。这将限制并考虑独立变量教育的影响。另一方面，所获取的样本框架是随机和纵向的，这将有利于内部有效性。这意味着研究设计允许对提出的假设制定正确的答案。
From their findings Lange et al.(2007) suggest that “unless a would-be entrepreneur needs to raise substantial start-up capital from institutional investors or business angels, there is no compelling reason to write a detailed business plan before opening a new business.” Instead, the authors suggest that “entrepreneurs should make financial projections, especially cash flow.”
Lange等人的研究结果表明，“除非一个潜在的企业家需要从机构投资者或商业天使那里筹集大量的创业资金，否则在开办新企业之前，没有任何令人信服的理由写一份详细的商业计划。”相反，作者们建议“企业家应该做出财务预测，特别是现金流。”
It means that they should look at expected sales revenue and operating costs including material, labor and capital assets and open their business. That advice implies that they should do business planning but not write formal plans before starting their businesses. Then, if their business grows and needs external funding, they will be able to write a business plan that is more persuasive.
这意味着他们应该考虑预期的销售收入和运营成本，包括材料、劳动力和资本资产，并开放业务。这一建议意味着他们应该做商业规划，但在创业前不要写正式的计划。然后，如果他们的业务增长并需要外部资金，他们将能够撰写更具说服力的商业计划。
In contrast to the studies from Lumpkin et al. and Lange et al. , some studies have shown that planning does go together with the success and growth of new ventures. Ford et al. (2003) conducted a study of 800 randomly selected American nascent companies and found a significant positive correlation between the degree of business planning formality and financial results in year 1 and 2.
与Lumpkin等人和Lange等人的研究相反，一些研究表明，计划确实与新企业的成功和增长密切相关。Ford等人对800家随机选择的美国新生公司进行了一项研究，发现第一年和第二年的商业计划正式程度与财务结果之间存在显著的正相关。
Liang and Gartner (2005) found, they found that the chances for survival of ventures in an uncertain financial and competitive environment was more likely when they engaged in planning in the early stage of the start-up activities. And that ventures were more likely to continue their activities if they started to plan late in the stage of start-up activities in a certain financial and competitive environment.
Liang和Gartner发现，当他们在创业活动的早期阶段进行规划时，他们发现在不确定的财务和竞争环境中，企业生存的机会更大。而且，如果企业在特定的金融和竞争环境中，在创业活动的后期开始计划，那么企业更有可能继续其活动。
For now, we will leave the discussion aside whether causality exists between writing a BP and the success of the venture and move on to asking ourselves why so many entrepreneurs bother to write the business plan.
现在，我们将抛开写BP和创业成功之间是否存在因果关系的讨论，转而问自己，为什么那么多企业家会费心写商业计划书。
Many business people or entrepreneurs defend that the time that is needed to produce a formal written BP, would be better spent on pushing the new venture forward instead of writing a plan that no one will read. (Allen 2006)
许多商业人士或企业家认为，制定一份正式的书面BP所需的时间，最好用于推动新企业的发展，而不是编写一份无人阅读的计划。
This might be true if we take into consideration that the venture capitalist or the firms that provide finance to businesses receive piles and piles of business plans and have no time to read them all. In fact, very few entrepreneurs have access to formal venture capital at the moment they launch their businesses. Bygrave and Hunt (2004), for example, estimate that in the US, fewer than one in ten thousand new ventures has the privilege to receive their financial funds of a venture capitalist. This is very rare, especially for the USA which has more than two-thirds of the total venture capital in the entire world. This means that receiving capital from VC’s is by far the rarest form of funding.
如果我们考虑到风险投资家或为企业提供融资的公司收到了成堆的商业计划书，而没有时间全部阅读，这可能是真的。事实上，很少有创业者在创业时就能够获得正式的风险投资。例如，Bygrave和Hunt估计，在美国，只有不到万分之一的新企业有权获得风险投资家的财务资金。这是非常罕见的，尤其是对美国来说，它拥有全世界超过三分之二的风险投资总额。这意味着从风投那里获得资金是迄今为止最罕见的融资形式。
So why then go so many entrepreneurs through the process of writing business plans if the main objective of their plan is to secure funding from a venture capitalist and they know that they will almost always come up empty handed? One of the reasons may be that other sources of financial funding such as banks, business angels, equity investors require written business plans too.
那么，如果创业计划的主要目标是从风险投资家那里获得资金，而且他们知道自己几乎总是空手而归，那么为什么要让这么多的创业者完成商业计划的编写过程呢？原因之一可能是银行、商业天使、股票投资者等其他金融资金来源也需要书面的商业计划。
Another explanation could be that they write the plan for internal reasons. Although writing a business plan is a very laborious task and it takes typically several weeks to finish it could avoid costly, perhaps disastrous, mistakes later thanks to the planning process that helps the entrepreneur think through things thoroughly. (business plan guide 4 start ups)
另一种解释可能是，他们写计划是出于内部原因。尽管撰写商业计划书是一项非常费力的任务，通常需要几周时间才能完成，但由于规划过程有助于企业家彻底思考问题，因此可以避免以后发生代价高昂、可能是灾难性的错误。
Furthermore, it is a fact that if you want your BP to be noticed by investors, the chance is greater if you get a personal introduction, instead of approaching them on your own (Barringer, 2008).
此外，事实上，如果你想让你的BP受到投资者的关注，那么如果你得到了个人介绍，而不是自己去接近他们，机会就会更大
This is definitely the case for all businesses in China. If you want to look for capital, or even if you just want to do business, you will need ‘Guanxi’. Guanxi literally means “relationships”. Since Confucius set-out the basic relationship rules 2000 years ago this has become the basis for conducting succesfull business in China. The reality is that the majority of Chinese people won’t trust and will not do business with people that are not part of their Guanxi. If you win the confidence of a chinese business relation, he will be part of your Guaxi network and will be happy to do business or introduce you to other acquintances or information sources, thus expanding your Guanxi network. Seligman (2005) points out that it has been generally known for centuries that businesses in China with a widely developed Guanxi network are more succesful than those with a limited or no network.
中国的所有企业都是如此。如果你想寻找资本，或者即使你只是想做生意，你也需要“Guanxi”。“Guanxi”的字面意思是“关系”。自2000年前孔子制定了基本的关系规则以来，这已经成为在中国成功开展业务的基础。现实是，大多数中国人不会信任，也不会与不属于他们关系的人做生意。如果你赢得了中国商业关系的信任，他将成为你的Guaxi网络的一部分，并将很乐意做生意或向你介绍其他熟人或信息来源，从而扩大你的Guaxi网络。Seligman指出，几个世纪以来，人们普遍认为，在中国，拥有广泛发展的关系网的企业比拥有有限或没有网络的企业更成功。
We conclude that is not about having a good or a bad business plan per se to secure finance but more about knowing the right people. This is why startup businesses have the disadvantage over established firms because they may not have such contacts.
Anyway, a lot of authors recommend to do write the business plan because for the internal and external value that lies within the plan. Abrams and Barrow (2005) state that “a good business plan for a sound business concept not only helps achieving the business goals, it also lets you save time and money by focusing on your business activities, giving you more control over your finances, marketing, and daily operations, and helps you raise the capital you need”. Or as Kleiner (2004), a legendary venture capitalist states: “Even if you have all the money you need, you still need a business plan. A plan shows how you’ll run a business. Without a plan, you don’t know where you’re going, and you can’t measure your progress.”
留学生论文得出的结论是，这并不是要有一个好的或坏的商业计划来获得资金，而是要了解合适的人。这就是为什么初创企业比老牌企业有劣势，因为它们可能没有这样的联系。
无论如何，许多作者建议写商业计划书，因为计划书的内在和外在价值。Abrams和Barrow指出，“一个好的商业计划，一个健全的商业理念，不仅有助于实现商业目标，还可以通过专注于商业活动来节省时间和金钱，让你对财务、营销和日常运营有更多的控制，并帮助你筹集所需的资金”。或者，正如著名的风险投资家Kleiner所言：“即使你拥有所需的全部资金，你仍然需要一个商业计划。计划显示了你将如何经营一家企业。没有计划，你不知道你要去哪里，也无法衡量你的进步。”本站提供各国各专业留学生论文代写或指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。