国际研究方向留学生代写范例-艾滋病毒/艾滋病对非洲裔美国人社区的影响。本文是一篇留学生International Studies课程作业范文，主要内容是讲述非裔美国人社区对已知的差距并不陌生，在大多数情况下，痛苦往往是最重要的。黑人社区遭受了华尔街爆炸、哈莱姆暴乱，甚至卡特里娜飓风的喷口，许多人的生活遭到破坏。然而，有一个流浪者闯入了许多非洲裔美国人家庭的爱情和家庭，造成了情感、经济和社会经济的破坏。真正的社会可能会与吸毒成瘾发生冲突，黑人社区经历了1971年尼克松总统的禁毒战争，这场战争始于1968年针对黑人社区的运动。研究将很快表明，蹂躏非裔美国人家园的不仅仅是一个容易识别的敌人。下面就来看一下这篇国际研究方向留学生代写范文。
Introduction 引言
African American communities are often not strangers to known disparities and suffering is often at the forefront in most cases. Black communities have suffered such scenes as the bombing of black wall street, the Harlem riots and even the vents of hurricane Katrina which devasted the lives of many. However, there is one prowler that has made its way into the loves and homes of many African American families causing emotional, financial and socioeconomic destruction. Truly society may have its bouts with drug addiction and black communities have experienced the war on drugs by president Nixon in 1971 which spanned from a 1968 campaign aimed at black communities (Huebl, 2018). It is not simply an easily identifiable enemy that ravages the homes of African Americans as research will soon indicate.
Background and History 背景和历史
Making its way onto the front pages of the center for disease controls weekly report addressing mortality and morbidity came springing forth in 1981 what would soon become the HIV/AIDS epidemic. However 1981 is not necessarily where HIV began or has its origin however; according to research scientist believed that humans who fed on the meat of chimpanzees likely contracted the illness as early as pre 1940s Congo (theaidsinstitute.org, 2019). At first HIV was not referred to as the human-immunodeficient virus but was first known as the simian immunodeficient virus or better worded as SIV, however HIV quickly spread among those within the U.S. in the late 70’s to early 80’s (theaidsinstitute.org, 2019). The beginnings of HIV within the U.S. saw most of its cases spread among those who had sexual activity man to man and doctors who saw patients come into their visits complaining of cancer, pneumonia and other illnesses uncommon at that time (theaidsinstitute.org, 2019). By the time scientists and researchers correctly identified what HIV was, over 80 cases were identified among those in the black community by 1982 (cdc.gov, 2019). As research would further demonstrate once HIV/AIDS began to ravish the black community it did not see any signs of slowing down and in fact impact the births of many infants where pediatric cases of AIDS showed fluently in over 50 percent of African American babies born (cdc.gov, 2019).
1981年，疾病控制中心发布了一份关于死亡率和发病率的周报，该报告登上了头版头条，很快就成为了艾滋病毒/艾滋病的流行病。然而，1981年并不一定是艾滋病毒的起源地；据研究，科学家认为，吃黑猩猩肉的人很可能早在20世纪40年代前的刚果就感染了这种疾病。起初，艾滋病毒并不被称为人类免疫缺陷病毒，但最初被称为猿免疫缺陷病毒或更准确的说法为SIV，然而，艾滋病毒在70年代末至80年代初在美国境内迅速传播。在美国，艾滋病毒开始流行时，大多数病例在那些进行过人与人性交的人和医生中间传播，这些医生看到患者前来就诊，抱怨癌症、肺炎和当时罕见的其他疾病。当科学家和研究人员正确确定HIV是什么时，到1982年，在黑人社区中发现了80多例。研究将进一步证明，一旦艾滋病毒/艾滋病开始肆虐黑人社区，就没有看到任何减缓的迹象，事实上也影响了许多婴儿的出生，在这些婴儿中，超过50%的非洲裔美国人出生的婴儿都能流利地显示出儿科艾滋病病例。
Impact on African Americans 对非裔美国人的影响
In recent studies HIV/AIDS has continued to lay waste to many black communities and specific groups within those communities are most susceptible. Blacks are known to be three times more likely to contract HIV/AIDS than their white counterparts and in black communities where the disease is rampant in men who are of homosexual nature and are at highest risk for infection (Davidson, 2011). National estimates in 2005 had African Americans equating as much as half of new HIV cases with a 10 times more likelihood of infection compared to Caucasians (Davidson, 2011). The numbers become even more astonishing as focus pans in on the African American female who have 23 times the likelihood of contracting HIV/AIDS (Davidson, 2011). With such epidemiological understanding of the healthy status of the black community HIV/AIDS is far from an endemic and has moved on to be a pandemic ravishing not just one community but many. Numbers among the black homosexual community show that over 66 percent of HIV positive patients do not know they are infected and account for over 46 percent of those who test positive for the infection (Davidson, 2011).
在最近的研究中，艾滋病毒/艾滋病继续给许多黑人社区造成浪费，而这些社区中的特定群体最易受感染。众所周知，黑人感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的可能性是白人的三倍，而且在黑人社区，这种疾病在同性恋男性中十分猖獗，感染风险最高。2005年的国家估计，非洲裔美国人将多达一半的新艾滋病毒病例与高加索人相比，感染的可能性高出10倍。随着关注焦点集中在非洲裔美国女性身上，这些数字变得更加惊人，她们感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的可能性是男性的23倍）。有了对黑人社区健康状况的流行病学了解，艾滋病毒/艾滋病远不是一种流行病，而且已经成为一种流行病。黑人同性恋社区的数字显示，超过66%的HIV阳性患者不知道自己被感染，占感染检测呈阳性者的46%。
Many African Americans who suffer from the onslaught of HIV/AIDS may not entirely have the means necessary to seek treatment and many may lack education or equivalent health literacy to know what means are necessary to ensuring a reduction in infection rates. The is a debilitating burden within the minority black communities of disease infection due to HIV/AIDS and many may not even be tested due to potential barriers they may suffer. Studies shown that between 2010-14 nearly 50 African Americans were infected with HIV per 100,000 persons and were fourth five percent of the total infections for those years (cdc.gov, HIV/AIDS, 2019). The impact on black communities continued as many heterosexual infections increased as over 65 percent and black women consisting of over 61 percent of those infections (cdc.gov, HIV/AIDS, 2019). There can be no understatement to the onslaught of HIV within the black community as reports further indicated that within those years near 64 percent of children 13 years of age and younger were found to be infected with HIV (cdc.gov, HIV/AIDS, 2019). African who have garnered much distrust for prevention efforts may do so due to the 1932 Tuskegee incident as black males were studied without their knowledge as to the effect of prolonged exposure to syphilis (Thomas, 1991).
许多遭受艾滋病毒/艾滋病侵袭的非裔美国人可能没有完全必要的手段寻求治疗，许多人可能缺乏教育或同等的健康知识，不知道采取何种手段来确保降低感染率。这是少数黑人社区因艾滋病毒/艾滋病而感染疾病的沉重负担，许多人甚至可能由于可能遭受的障碍而无法接受检测。研究表明，在2010-14年间，每10万人中有近50名非洲裔美国人感染了艾滋病毒，占当年总感染人数的第四至5%。对黑人社区的影响仍在继续，因为许多异性恋感染增加了65%以上，黑人妇女占这些感染的61%以上。报告进一步指出，在这些年里，13岁及以下的儿童中，有近64%被发现感染了艾滋病毒，因此，对黑人社区内的艾滋病毒肆虐，这一点不能低估。由于1932年的塔斯基吉事件，对黑人男性进行研究时，他们不知道长期接触梅毒的影响，因此对预防工作产生了很大的不信任感。
Determinants of Disparity 差异的决定因素
Many factors affect the black community when it comes to seeking treatment and testing for HIV/AIDS. Many abstain from seeking testing which adds to the burden of the disease. Socioeconomic status may substantially affect how African American perceive being tested for HIV/AIDS and may be a self-imposed barrier to healthcare access. Incidence reports indicate that socioeconomic status coupled with a lack of education adds to the already quantifiable degree of HIV/AIDS infection within the black community (Tramonte, 2015). Poverty among those in the black community is one determinant that adds to the growing cases of poor health, lack of healthcare access, potential drug use which steadily increases risk of infection within their community (Tramonte, 2015). Black communities suffer from insufficient education in HIV/AIDS prevention intervention and many stigmas that cause some to avoid seeking treatment (Tramonte, 2015). A side note is that nearly 25 percent of those in black communities suffer some form of poverty coupled with joblessness, a feeling of displacement and homelessness adds to the list of determinants (hrsa.gov, 2019).
在寻求艾滋病毒/艾滋病治疗和检测方面，许多因素影响着黑人社区。许多人放弃寻求增加疾病负担的检测。社会经济地位可能会极大地影响非裔美国人对艾滋病毒/艾滋病检测的看法，并可能成为获得医疗保健的自我障碍。发病率报告表明，社会经济地位加上缺乏教育，增加了黑人社区内已经可量化的艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染程度。黑人社区中的贫困是一个决定因素，它加剧了健康状况不佳、缺乏医疗服务、潜在的药物使用等不断增加的病例，从而稳步增加了社区内的感染风险。黑人社区在艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防干预方面的教育不足，许多耻辱导致一些人避免寻求治疗。一个附带说明是，近25%的黑人社区遭受某种形式的贫困，再加上失业，流离失所和无家可归的感觉增加了决定因素）。
The Impact Hits Home 影响家庭
The impact of HIV/AIDS on the black community has been so severe that many experience losses at an astonishing rate. In 2013 alone on average over 46 percent of deaths associated with HIV/ADIS infection were attributed to African Americans (cdc.gov, HIV/AIDS, 2019). Black teens have also been greatly impacted by HIV/AIDS infection within the black community. This is unfortunate as many teens 13 to 18 years of age account for over 67 percent of new HIV infections among blacks (Charles, 2011). The impact has steadily increased over the years and as of 2018 nearly 470,000 African Americans are reportedly HIV positive or living with AIDS in the U.S. (Richard Wolitski, 2018). There are an estimated 74,000 African Americans who go undiagnosed not knowing they are HIV positive and African Americans are said to comprise the 43 percent of Americans who live daily with HIV/AIDS (Richard Wolitski, 2018). There are alarmingly high numbers of HIV/AIDS increases among African American gay men which has accounted for as much as 58 percent of cases diagnosed positive for HIV within the black community (Richard Wolitski, 2018). African American women are most severely affected as data demonstrated that nearly 4600 new cases of HIV were those among black women (Richard Wolitski, 2018). With so many occurrences of infection among those of a single demographic there may yet be some correlation or reason why infection rates are high among blacks compared to other ethnicities.
艾滋病毒/艾滋病对黑人社区的影响非常严重，许多人遭受了惊人的损失。仅2013年一年，平均46%以上与艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染相关的死亡归因于非裔美国人。黑人青少年也受到黑人社区内艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染的严重影响。这是不幸的，因为许多13至18岁的青少年占黑人新增HIV感染的67%以上。多年来，这种影响稳步增加，截至2018年，据报道，美国有近470000名非裔美国人感染艾滋病毒或患有艾滋病。据估计，有74000名非洲裔美国人在不知道自己是艾滋病毒阳性的情况下未被诊断，据说非洲裔美国人占每天感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的美国人的43%。非洲裔美国男同性恋者中艾滋病毒/艾滋病的增加数量惊人，占黑人社区艾滋病毒阳性诊断病例的58%。非洲裔美国妇女受到的影响最为严重，因为数据显示，黑人妇女中新增了近4600例艾滋病毒感染者。由于单一人口中的感染发生率如此之高，黑人感染率与其他种族相比可能存在某种相关性或原因。
An Intersecting Point 交点
With an ethnic group at higher than average risk for infection of HIV/AIDS the African American community may be question the reason why they may appear as targets in this pandemic? To this end there must come some intersecting point where a correlation of behaviors may be examined as to why the disease rates are much higher. Some potentials to consider may be high poverty rate in low income black communities. Blacks are often plagued with joblessness, imprisonment, homelessness and poor education (Tramonte, 2015). With such factors the next to examine is whether a specific demographic within the black community are more susceptible to HIV/AIDS infection. Research has indicated that men who are sexually active with other men who are of the same ethnicity (African American) are over 22 times more likely to be infected with HIV (Davidson, 2011). Not only are men more likely to be infected they may have bisexual tendencies (are sexually active with both men and women) and thus spread the disease to black women who are the second highest infected in the black community (Charles, 2011). The third highest impacted group are black teens between the ages of 13 and 18 who comprise roughly 67 percent of new HIV infections (Charles, 2011).
由于一个种族群体感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的风险高于平均水平，非裔美国人社区可能会质疑为什么他们会成为这一流行病的目标？为此目的，必须有一些交叉点，在那里可以检查行为的相关性，以了解为什么患病率要高得多。可以考虑的一些潜在因素可能是低收入黑人社区的高贫困率。黑人经常受到失业、监禁、无家可归和教育水平低下的困扰。考虑到这些因素，下一步要研究的是黑人社区中的特定人口是否更容易感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病。研究表明，与同一种族（非裔美国人）的其他男性发生性行为的男性感染艾滋病毒的可能性要高出22倍。男性不仅更容易感染，而且可能有双性恋倾向（与男性和女性都有性行为），从而将疾病传播给黑人社区感染率第二高的黑人女性。第三个受影响最大的群体是13至18岁的黑人青少年，他们约占新感染艾滋病毒的67%。
The intersecting cause equates many times to poor health literacy within the African American community, a distrust of testing facilities, poor inclusion in studies and a lack of education on preventive measures. Those economic and social causations add to the alarming growth of infection rates within black communities and appear as though they will continue to do so less some measures are implemented to reduce infection rates. Intersecting causalities of the spread of HIV/AIDS within the black community can be attributed to the practice of having multiple sex partners, infection by other sexually transmitted diseases, low-income status, mass incarceration and drug use (intravenous) (Davidson, 2011). The coincidental infection rates of heterosexual partners due to economic struggles are intersecting reasons associated with the disease. Many black women are infected due to using their body to perform sexual favors in exchange for food or clothing which places them at increased risk for infection. The increased rates at which African Americans are infected with STDs aside from HIV/AIDS makes it more likely that they will be diagnosed with HIV/AIDS at some point in their life (Davidson, 2011). With such alarming factors associated with risk in the black community there is a great need for intervention to turn the tide for the better.
这一交叉的原因在很多时候等同于非裔美国人社区中的健康知识水平低下、对检测设施的不信任、对研究的不包容以及缺乏预防措施的教育。这些经济和社会原因加剧了黑人社区内感染率的惊人增长，而且似乎如果不采取一些措施来降低感染率，他们将继续这样做。黑人社区内艾滋病毒/艾滋病传播的交叉死因可归因于有多个性伴侣的做法、其他性传播疾病的感染、低收入状况、大规模监禁和吸毒（静脉注射）。由于经济困难，异性伴侣的巧合感染率是与疾病相关的交叉原因。许多黑人妇女由于用自己的身体进行性爱以换取食物或衣服而受到感染，这增加了她们感染的风险。除了艾滋病毒/艾滋病之外，非洲裔美国人感染性病的比率不断增加，这使得他们更有可能在人生的某个阶段被诊断为艾滋病毒/艾滋病。由于黑人社区中存在与风险相关的这些令人担忧的因素，因此非常需要进行干预，以扭转形势。
Intervention of the Heart 爱心介入
The African American community is in much disarray and requires emotional and mental rehabilitation to reestablish the fundamentals that makes a community work. In this format what make a black community work is to have the figure heads in place as role models that will guide the young and inspire change within their corridors. What most African American communities lack is a father and mother figure both under the same roof and often this is due to mass incarceration of black males. Some research has indicated the fact that nearly 3 of 4 African American children will grow without their father or become the product of a unmarried home (Hernandez, 2016). Within the United States black males are 32 percent more likely to be incarcerated and thus translates to an increased risk of infection among those within the black community (Wendy Sawyer, 2017).
非裔美国人社区非常混乱，需要情绪和精神康复，以重建社区运作的基本要素。在这种形式下，黑人社区的工作是让人物头像成为榜样，引导年轻人，并激励他们的走廊内发生变化。大多数非裔美国人社区缺少的是父亲和母亲都在同一屋檐下，这通常是因为黑人男性被大规模监禁。一些研究表明，四分之三的非洲裔美国儿童将在没有父亲的情况下成长，或成为未婚家庭的产物。在美国，黑人男性被监禁的可能性增加了32%，从而导致黑人社区中感染的风险增加。
The intervention initiative must focus on helping black males become anchored in their communities by seeking higher rates of employment and education. The inte4rvention must also instill the need for the black father to be a role model to his children and by doing so help to guide the decision his young children may make. By reducing incarceration rates of black males, it in turn reduces the potential exposure to HIV and eliminates exposure to risky sex acts in prison. When the heart of the family is in its rightful place the community can then begin to heal and the health disparity of HIV/AIDS may see a reduction. Its simply a matter of the heart of the individuals and the heart of the community in which people grow that will place upon them the greatest level of social and environmental influence thus shaping their ability to make sound decisions. Then by encouraging an increase in college applicants and graduates within the black community they may establish organizational support or structure. If the community begins to thrive then access to healthcare also increases which means treatment of illness and a reduction in health disparity and preventive measures. By unifying the community under the premise of brighter futures and implementing policies to govern adherence to laws black communities affected by HIV can overcome the disparities they face and thrive again.
干预行动必须侧重于通过寻求更高的就业率和教育率，帮助黑人男性融入社区。这种教育还必须向孩子灌输黑人父亲作为榜样的必要性，这样做有助于指导孩子们做出决定。通过降低黑人男性的监禁率，这反过来减少了潜在的艾滋病毒感染，并消除了监狱中的危险性行为。当家庭的核心处于其应有的位置时，社区就可以开始愈合，艾滋病毒/艾滋病的健康差距可能会缩小。这仅仅是个人的内心和人们成长的社区的内心的问题，将给他们带来最大程度的社会和环境影响，从而塑造他们做出正确决策的能力。然后，通过鼓励黑人社区中大学申请者和毕业生的增加，他们可以建立组织支持或结构。如果社区开始繁荣，那幺获得医疗保健的机会也会增加，这意味着治疗疾病，减少健康差距和预防措施。通过在光明未来的前提下团结社区，并实施政策来管理法律的遵守情况，受艾滋病毒影响的黑人社区可以克服他们面临的差距，重新繁荣起来。
The Larger Picture of African American Health 非裔美国人健康的蓝图
With the continual spread of HIV/AIDS within African American communities combined with the high death rates associated with illness, these communities are crumbling from within. Studies indicate that in 2016 nearly 7000 deaths of African Americans results from a stage 3 AIDS diagnosis coupled with the fact that nearly 1 in every 7 African Americans are said to be unawares they are HIV positive (cdc.gov, HIV and African Americans, 2019). With such mortality rates communities can be expected to see major disruptions in household structure. This also may lead to more children entering the foster care system or having to fend for themselves in an already harsh environment. African American communities are experiencing higher rates of HIV infection when compared with other ethnicities and struggles with treatment due to poor access to healthcare (hiv.gov, 2019). HIV/AIDS has such an impact on African American lives that they are more likely to die from HIV/AIDS that any other racial demographic (Fullilov, 2019).
随着艾滋病毒/艾滋病在非洲裔美国人社区内的持续传播，加上与疾病相关的高死亡率，这些社区正在从内部崩溃。研究表明，2016年，近7000名非洲裔美国人死于第3阶段艾滋病诊断，加上每7名非洲裔人中有近1人被称为不知不觉中艾滋病毒呈阳性。有了这样的死亡率，社区预计会看到家庭结构的重大破坏。这也可能导致更多的儿童进入寄养系统，或不得不在已经恶劣的环境中自食其力。与其他种族相比，非裔美国人社区的艾滋病毒感染率更高，而且由于医疗保健服务不足，他们在治疗方面也面临困难。艾滋病毒/艾滋病对非裔美国人的生活产生了如此大的影响，他们比任何其他种族人口都更有可能死于艾滋病毒/艾滋病。
With the advent of antiretroviral medication black communities have seen a slight decline in deaths associated with HIV/AIDS of 7 percent (Fullilov, 2019). However, that decline does not shun the fact that African Americans are often overly represented in surveillance data for HIV infection rates. Not only are they overly represented but such representation also leads to an increased in stigmatization of the African American (Fullilov, 2019). African Americans will continue to undergo marginalization where those who live in poverty, experience high amounts of incarceration along with drug abuse add to the increase of HIV/AIDS infections within the black community (Fullilov, 2019). By addressing the environmental and social factors within black communities and providing greater opportunities for education, there is hope that the future of the African American man and woman may be one that is bright and full of life.
随着抗逆转录病毒药物的出现，黑人社区与艾滋病毒/艾滋病相关的死亡人数略微下降了7%。然而，这一下降并没有回避这样一个事实，即非裔美国人在艾滋病毒感染率的监测数据中的比例往往过高。他们不仅代表性过强，而且这种代表性也导致非裔美国人的耻辱感增加。非洲裔美国人将继续遭受边缘化，因为那些生活在贫困中、经历大量监禁以及吸毒的人将增加黑人社区的艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染。通过解决黑人社区内的环境和社会因素，并提供更多的教育机会，非洲裔美国人的未来可能是光明和充满活力的。
The Ability to Work Among the Masses 在群众中工作的能力
Being a man of African American decent it is highly likely that I would have the ability to work within the community and promote some form of change. The issue would be whether the people within those communities highest affected would want the intervention of change to disrupt what they may consider as norms. To some living in a community that acts or does as it may please might promote some sense of freedom. It is however this freedom that may lead to many black males and females being incarcerated. With such incarceration comes children who live without the positive influence of both parents and therefore fall victim to the ideals of a broken society. I am nether troubled by someone’s gender or sexual identity nor am I bothered by their socioeconomic status. As a person who was raised in poverty, I know what it is like to grow up a low-income community, however I also recognize what it means to be tightly knitted together in such communities. It is this knowledge that would drive me to greatly impact the health of all who dwell behind its walls and walk its corridors.
这篇国际研究作业的作者在文末提出，作为一个体面的非裔美国人，我很可能有能力在社区内工作，促进某种形式的变革。问题是，受影响最大的社区内的人们是否希望通过变革干预来破坏他们可能认为的规范。对于生活在一个随心所欲的社区中的人来说，这可能会促进一些自由感。然而，正是这种自由可能导致许多黑人男女被监禁。伴随着这样的监禁，孩子们生活在没有父母积极影响的环境中，因此成为了破碎社会理想的受害者。我不在乎某人的性别或性身份，也不在乎他们的社会经济地位。作为一个在贫困中长大的人，我知道在低收入社区长大是什么感觉，但我也认识到在这样的社区里紧密结合意味着什么。正是这一知识将驱使我极大地影响所有居住在城墙后面、走在城墙走廊上的人的健康。本站提供各国各专业留学生代写或指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。