本文是留学生assignment范例，题目是“Future for Gender Diversity in Sodexo: A Path for Hiring Policy?（Sodexo性别多元化的未来:招聘政策的路径?）”。据说，性别多样性是一个强大的工具，使一个组织成功，因为它有助于这样的组织以更好的方式执行和运作(Kebede, 2017)。换句话说，这可以被认为是对各种公司的一个建议，包括更多的女性在他们的员工，特别是他们的领导员工在公司的性别平衡。因此，本研究拟通过分析性别多样性对整个公司的影响来评价Sodexo公司的企业发展中的性别多样性。
Abstract 摘要
It is said that gender diversity is a powerful tool to bring an organization into success as it assists such an organization to perform and operate in a better way (Kebede, 2017). In other words, this can be considered a suggestion for various companies to include more women in their staff, especially their leading staff for gender balance in the firms. Accordingly, this study intends to evaluate gender diversity in terms of the corporate development in Sodexo corporation through an analysis of effects on the whole company which are brought by gender diversity.
This study, in general, utilizes social theories and statistics published by this corporation to analyze the indication constituted by gender diversity in Sodexo group- the one studied through the collected information on the Internet - focusing on its development.
本研究总体上运用了该公司发表的社会理论和统计数据，分析了Sodexo集团中性别多样性所构成的指标，即通过在互联网上收集的信息所研究的指标，重点分析了Sodexo集团的发展。
1.Description of Issues问题的描述
Sodexo was previously known as Sodexho in 1966 at the time of its establishment by Pierre Bellon with Sodexho being abbreviated name of Société d'Exploitation Hôtelière. It was not until 2000 did the company's name change to “Sodexho Alliance” with three leading acquisitions for expansion and strengthening of the company's international network. However, in 2008, it was formally called “Sodexo” with the exclusion of the word “Alliance.”
Sodexo在1966年由Pierre Bellon创立时被称为Sodexho, Sodexho的缩写是Société d’exploitation Hôtelière。直到2000年，公司的名称才改为“Sodexho联盟”，并进行了三次主要的收购，以扩大和加强公司的国际网络。然而，在2008年，它的正式名称是“Sodexo”，去掉了“联盟”这个词。
With 45 years of development, Sodexo has become the big boss in terms of quality of life services, with a wide range of services such as food services and personal & home services. To enhance future development, Sodexo has been making efforts to figure out business strategies as well as improving ones within the organizational structure.
Like other businesses, Sodexo faces many problems that require appropriate solutions for better development in the future. One of the outstanding problems embraced by Sodexo is gender diversity, which seems to be unhealthy over the past years. Though diversified research studies argued that one business's performance could strengthen with the presentation of female managers (Nakagawa, 2015), Sodexo appeared to include a small number of women in managerial roles in comparison with man.
According to a report in 2017 by Sodexo, the proportion of female against male stands at one fourth in the management board, implying that only one of every four managers is female (Sodexo's Gender Balance Study 2018, 2018). More seriously, the study also showed that the number of female CEOs among S&P 500 CEOs just accounted for 5.2%, which stated that the gender gap was growing in a negative direction. This is a typical situation of not only Sodexo but also other firms, among which Sodexo appears to embrace the most serious one.
2.Research focus研究的焦点
Several studies by Sodexo implied that gender diversity has a significant influence on corporate performance and productivity. With the assistance of social theories, this study aims at (1) analyzing the importance of gender diversity in corporation's performance in the long term, as stated by Pletzer et al. (2015), and (2) considering whether a novel hiring strategy should be implemented in the hiring policy of Sodexo. Last but not least, the study gives several recommendations and suggestions about gender diversity, which might be significant to the development of Sodexo corporation in terms of hiring strategy.
Sodexo的几项研究表明，性别多样性对企业绩效和生产率有显著影响。本研究借助社会理论，旨在(1)分析Pletzer et al.(2015)所述的性别多样性对企业长期绩效的重要性，(2)考虑Sodexo的招聘政策中是否应该实施一种新的招聘策略。最后，本研究对Sodexo公司的性别多元化提出了几点建议和建议，这对Sodexo公司在招聘策略方面的发展具有重要意义。
For this study, a large number of research studies have been collected to gather information about Sodexo and its problems. This study is considered as the secondary research study, which makes use of the available data set for both qualitative and quantitative analysis (Johnston, 2014). However, the study acknowledges the drawbacks unavoidable during its implementation of due to time limitations and objective factors. Such troubles will be minimized as many as possible for the enhancement of the accuracy of this study.
3.The theoretical framework for gender diversity性别多样性的理论框架
The existing leading theoretical framework focused on supporting gender diversity in the corporation, especially the role of female managers and directors. Among which, four main ones have been widely used to assert the importance of women in one firm which are (1) human capital theory, (2) resource dependency theory, (3) institutional theory, and (4) agency theory (Dang & Vo, n.d., as cited in Boubaker & Nguyen, 2012), which highlight the significance of women in terms of leadership in any firm in comparison with their counterparts.
现有的主要理论框架侧重于支持企业中的性别多样性，特别是女性经理和董事的角色。其中，有四种主要的理论被广泛用于断言女性在一家企业中的重要性，它们是(1)人力资本理论，(2)资源依赖理论，(3)制度理论，(4)代理理论(引用Boubaker & Nguyen, 2012)，这凸显了女性在任何公司的领导地位上的重要性。
4.Human capital theory人力资本理论
According to Dang et al. (2014), this theory was raised by Becker (1964), which emphasized the necessity of women in the firm in general and in the corporate boards in particular. As stated by Becker (1964), elements required for any corporation included education, experience, training, skills, and productive capability, contributing to the development in terms of firms' performance. However, human capital theory emphasized the contribution of women rather than men because they owned skills or met requirements essential to the company/business and such things were not found in their counterparts.
Dang et al.(2014)认为，这一理论是由Becker(1964)提出的，强调了女性在公司中的必要性，特别是在公司董事会中。Becker(1964)指出，任何企业所需要的要素包括教育、经验、培训、技能和生产能力，对企业绩效的发展有贡献。然而，人力资本理论强调女性而不是男性的贡献，因为她们拥有技能或满足公司/业务的必要要求，而这些东西在她们的同行中没有发现。
As Dang et al. (2014) confirmed, female managers or directors with their critical social status would be likely to have a higher level of education or relevant experience compared with men, asserting the role of female workers in general and in managerial positions in particular to a company.
5.Resource dependency theory资源依赖理论
Two principal authors showed agreement with the resource dependency theory, which stressed the need for employment of the female workforce in the business included Pfeffer and Salancik (1978). In their points of view, the corporation was considered as an open system, dependent on external factors to a large extent. As a result, the corporate boards were of necessity to integrate essential skills and capacity to decrease risks imposed by the external environment.
两个主要作者Pfeffer和Salancik(1978)表示同意资源依赖理论，该理论强调企业中需要雇佣女性劳动力。在他们看来，公司被认为是一个开放的系统，在很大程度上依赖于外部因素。因此，公司董事会必须结合必要的技能和能力，以减少外部环境造成的风险。
Additionally, Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) pointed out that the presence of female managers assisted in overcoming problems faced by one company as they met the requirements of the organization, such as knowledge, external relationships, and legitimacy. Sharing the same point of view, Dang et al. (2004) appreciated the skills and perspectives brought by women, meaning that women usually came up with practical solutions to complex problems, supporting to resolve and eliminate negative consequences resulting from such problems.
6.Institutional theory制度理论
Institutional theory declared that a corporation should be perceived to be legitimate following social norms, values, and expectations, though such factors might be not deemed to be sufficient for a dominant firm (Dang & Vo, n.d., as cited in Boubaker & Nguyen, 2012). Under Hillman and Cannella (2007), legitimacy could be enhanced by the employment of women in the management boards because of its positive influences on the whole organization. Such an appointment can be seen as an influential factor to bring loyal employees to the company and a driving force for its growth as well (Hillman & Cannella, 2007).
制度理论宣称，一个公司应该被认为是合法的，遵循社会规范、价值观和期望，尽管这些因素可能不足以被认为是一个占主导地位的公司(Dang & Vo, n.d., as cited in Boubaker & Nguyen, 2012)。在Hillman和Cannella(2007)的领导下，可以通过在管理委员会中雇用女性来提高合法性，因为这对整个组织具有积极的影响。这样的任命可以被视为一个有影响力的因素，为公司带来忠诚的员工，并推动其增长(Hillman & Cannella, 2007)。
Sodexo is one of the leading companies facing the issue of gender gap within the corporate board and also among companies to conduct a study to investigate the importance of gender diversity in the corporate board to the power of the company. With the results derived from the study, Sodexo has been implementing suitable strategies for balancing the number of female managers and directors against male ones, which assists Sodexo to become one of the top groups with gender balance SBF 120 French stock market index (Obeime, 2018). In the time coming, Sodexo has an intention to reach gender balance in the management positions for a better development of the corporation in general and the healthy working environment in particular, with at least 40 percent of women would hold the positions in the management board (Sodexo selected for 2019 Bloomberg Gender-equality index, 2019).
From the above pieces of evidence, it can be said that an appropriate hiring policy should be implemented in corporations in general and in Sodexo as a good hiring policy attracts more female candidates to any firm. Such a hiring policy should be comprised of equal opportunities and promotions for both genders to encourage women to apply for vacancies, which depends much on the scale and economic conditions of the company. Again, it should balance between the number of female managers and directors in comparison with male ones to create the gender-balanced management in the firm, which fostering the degree of effectiveness of management for a bright corporate future.
从以上证据可以看出，一个合适的招聘政策应该在公司和索迪斯执行，一个好的招聘政策吸引更多的女性候选人到任何公司。这种招聘政策应该包括男女平等的机会和晋升，鼓励女性申请职位，这在很大程度上取决于公司的规模和经济条件。此外，应该在女性经理和董事人数与男性经理和董事人数之间取得平衡，从而在公司中创造性别平衡的管理，从而为公司的光明未来培养管理效率的程度。
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