本文是留学生入学coursework代写范例，题目是“Example English Language Coursework（英语语言作业范例）”，在这篇文章中，我将尝试调查在英国毒品合法化会对我们的社会和文化产生的影响。自19世纪的鸦片战争以来，赞成和反对毒品合法化(以及最近的毒品分类)的争论一直在公开进行，不同社会群体的观点各不相同。我打算从历史向我们展示的东西中得出结论，并将我的发现解释为对未来的看法。
Introduction介绍
In this essay I shall try to investigate the impact that the legalisation of drugs in the UK would have on our society and culture. The argument for and against legalisation (and more recently the classification) of drugs has been openly debated since the Opium Wars in the nineteenth Century, with differing views from different groups of society. I intend to draw conclusions from what history has shown us and interpret my findings into a view of the future.
Society社会
One of the most important things to identify is the difference between the certain types of drugs. In the UK drugs are legally classified into three main categories, known as Class A, B or C. These drugs are classified under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The Class A drugs are seen as being the most harmful to the user (and arguably to society); these include heroin, methadone, cocaine, ecstasy, LSD and amphetamines (if prepared for injection). A conviction for possession can lead to a seven year prison sentence; a conviction for supply or intent to supply can lead to life imprisonment and a fine. The drugs categorised as Class B are still seen as highly illegal but do not seem to have the social stigma of the higher class. Class B drugs include amphetamines (in powdered form such as speed), barbiturates and codeine. A conviction for possession can lead to a maximum prison sentence of five years and a fine; a conviction for supply and intent to supply could possibly see a prison sentence of up to fourteen years and a fine. Class C drugs are still seen by the law of the land to be harmful to society even though medical studies have shown that, within reason, a lot of the drugs in this classification can help the individual and in turn help society. Class C drugs include cannabis (recently reclassified from being a Class B drug), anabolic steroids and benzodiazepines (tranquillisers such as Valium and Temazepam). However, as before with the other classified drugs, possession is still frowned upon and a conviction of possession could result in a maximum of two years in prison; and the legal system still identifies anyone supplying or intending to supply these drugs as a menace to society and the maximum prison sentence has increased to fourteen years and a fine.
要识别的最重要的事情之一是某些类型药物之间的区别。在英国，药物在法律上被分为三大类，即A类、B类或c类。这些药物是根据1971年的《药物滥用法案》归类的。A类药物被认为是对使用者(以及社会)最有害的;这些药物包括海洛因、美沙酮、可卡因、摇头丸、LSD和安非他命(如果准备注射的话)。因持有毒品而被定罪可判处七年监禁;供应或意图供应可导致终身监禁和罚款。被归类为B级的毒品仍然被视为高度非法的，但似乎不具有更高级别的社会污名。B类药物包括安非他命(粉末状的，如兴奋剂)、巴比妥酸盐和可待因。因持有毒品而被定罪，最高可判处五年监禁和罚款;供应和意图供应的定罪可能会面临最高14年的监禁和罚款。尽管医学研究表明，在合理的范围内，许多C类药物可以帮助个人，反过来也可以帮助社会，但该国法律仍认为C类药物对社会有害。C类药物包括大麻(最近从B类药物重新分类)、合成类固醇和苯二氮卓类药物(如安定和替马西泮等镇静剂)。然而，就像以前对其他分类毒品一样，持有毒品仍然是不被允许的，而持有毒品的定罪可能会导致最长两年的监禁;法律制度仍然认定任何供应或打算供应这些毒品的人是对社会的威胁，最高刑期已增加到14年和罚款。
It is an interesting scenario that the UK finds itself in regarding drugs, and the legalisation of drugs. There is an unambiguous black and white ruling when it comes to defining the legality of drugs (narcotics) in this country; they are illegal to possess and illegal to supply. I would like to go into great depths on the subjectivism of drugs within society but I shall focus on just one drug for this argument; cannabis. On 29 January 2004 cannabis was reclassified from a Class B drug to a Class C drug. However, Alan Buffry of the pro-legalisation action group the Legalise Cannabis Alliance states that this reclassification has clearly failed; the government’s approach of saying that cannabis is less dangerous than previously thought and reducing the maximum sentences for possession is offset against an increase in the maximum sentences for anyone growing or supplying the drug so that the penalty is actually equal to the Class B category that it was reclassified from. This confusion is widespread throughout the country. It is not hard to see why people are confused over the reclassification, and it is evident to see why people feel that the government are controlling something that many people believe should be up to the choice of the individual. This is when the questions of society and choice arise. How can something as natural as cannabis be illegal in one country and openly available in another? What makes one society accept something that another rejects? A typical argument is the one about alcohol; why is it socially acceptable (for adults) to consume a legal substance that is harmful to their bodies and, if too much is consumed, becomes a social problem that regularly demands policing?
This argument is fuelled by the inconsistencies not only of the government but of the medical profession as well. In the London Evening Standard, journalist Isabel Oakeshot raised this question of inconsistency in her article about the legalisation of drugs. She reported that at a time when the head of the Institute of Psychiatry in London, Professor Robin Murray, stated that cannabis is already a leading cause of psychosis in the UK, the British Medical Association is backing radical moves to make illegal drugs including heroin and cocaine available from authorised government outlets. These contrary viewpoints highlight the problems of this sensitive issue; if the medical professionals and elected government cannot agree on the best course of action should it not be left up to the individual to decide?
这一争论不仅由于政府的不一致，而且由于医学界的不一致。在《伦敦标准晚报》(London Evening Standard)上，记者伊莎贝尔·奥克肖特(Isabel Oakeshot)在她关于毒品合法化的文章中提出了这个前后矛盾的问题。她报告说,在伦敦精神病学研究所所长,教授罗宾·默里说,大麻已经是一个精神病的主要原因在英国,英国医学协会支持激进措施使非法毒品包括海洛因和可卡因可以从政府机构授权。这些对立的观点突出了这一敏感问题的症结;如果医疗专业人员和民选政府不能就最佳行动方案达成一致，难道不应该让个人来决定吗?
Drugs in Art在艺术界的毒品
One of the major arguments for the legalisation of certain drugs is the influence that the drug has on art, or more specifically the effect that the drug has on the artist. This is not an entirely new idea but one that runs concurrently with art movements of any era. Possibly the most easily identifiable examples were the calls to legalise cannabis to a background of reggae music in the 1970’s (led by the iconic symbol of a Bob Marley poster on almost every students’ bedroom wall) and the ‘make love not war’ sentiments of LSD-users in the 1960’s. There have been many more examples through history and up to the current era; the late 1980’s and early 1990’s seeing the introduction of the chemical drug ecstasy (MDMA) that was the driving force behind the new subculture of raves and house music. There is an obvious link between drug culture and music culture, but that is not the only example where the two ingredients mix to form a hybrid culture. One of the greatest painters of all time experimented with an alcoholic drink that was used as a hallucinogenic. Vincent van Gogh was well known to sample the potent delight of absinthe; some art critics say that it was the effects of absinthe that might have shaped van Gogh’s art, for instance by causing him to hallucinate the halos and auroras that often surround light sources in his paintings. Whether this is truly the case is impossible to verify, but the fact remains that van Gogh combined the drug (absinthe) and the art (painting) to create some of the most famous works in the history of art.
某些毒品合法化的主要论据之一是毒品对艺术的影响，或者更具体地说，毒品对艺术家的影响。这不是一个全新的想法，但它与任何时代的艺术运动同时存在。可能最容易识别的例子是20世纪70年代以雷鬼音乐为背景呼吁大麻合法化(以几乎每个学生卧室墙上的鲍勃·马利(Bob Marley)海报的标志性符号为主导)，以及20世纪60年代迷幻药使用者“做爱而不是战争”的情绪。历史上还有很多这样的例子，一直到现在;20世纪80年代末和90年代初，化学药物摇头丸(MDMA)的引入推动了锐舞和豪斯音乐这一新亚文化的发展。毒品文化和音乐文化之间有明显的联系，但这并不是两种成分混合形成混合文化的唯一例子。有史以来最伟大的画家之一试验了一种酒精饮料，它被用作致幻剂。文森特·梵高(Vincent van Gogh)以品尝苦艾酒的强烈乐趣而闻名;一些艺术评论家说，苦艾酒的作用可能塑造了梵高的艺术，例如，在他的画中，经常有光晕和极光围绕在光源周围，这会使他产生幻觉。这种情况是否属实还无法证实，但事实是梵高将苦艾酒和绘画结合在一起，创造了艺术史上一些最著名的作品。
Although the fine arts and music steal the limelight for active combination of art and drugs, literature has also blossomed from the experimentation of a number of influential authors, poets and playwrights. In contemporary terms there have been the books written by Howard Marks (Mr Nice), Hunter S. Thompson (Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas) and Robert Sabbag (Smokescreen), but the tradition of writers wishing to free their minds from the constraints of everyday life goes further back than the 1970’s.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born in Devonshire in 1772. He was a poet, critic, writer and philosopher. Working alongside fellow poet William Wordsworth, their collection of poems entitled Lyrical Ballads was published in 1798 and marked the beginning of the English Romantic Movement. His poetry introduced a soft, beautiful style of writing that was appreciated by his peers and the public of the time. However, Coleridge suffered from neuralgic and rheumatic pains, and had become addicted to opium. This dependency on opium was at a time when Coleridge was at his most vulnerable. After contemplating suicide he decided to continue writing and penned one of his most famous poems in 1797 and published in 1816; Kubla Khan. The poem describes in whimsical detail the palace of Xanadu and opens with an enigmatic but precise description of an emperor’s pleasure dome located in an enchanted land (as demonstrated here in the first five lines):
塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治于1772年出生在德文郡。他是一位诗人、批评家、作家和哲学家。他们与同行诗人威廉·华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)合作，于1798年出版了名为《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)的诗集，标志着英国浪漫主义运动的开始。他的诗歌引入了一种柔和、优美的写作风格，受到他的同行和当时公众的赞赏。然而，柯勒律治患有神经痛和风湿痛，并对鸦片上瘾。柯勒律治对鸦片的依赖正是在他最脆弱的时候。在考虑过自杀后，他决定继续写作，并在1797年创作了他最著名的诗歌之一，并于1816年出版。忽必烈汗。这首诗以异想天开的细节描述了世外桃源的宫殿，一开始就神秘而精确地描述了一个坐落在魔法之地的皇帝的快乐圆顶(如前五行所示):
In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
A stately pleasure dome decree:
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
Through caverns measureless to man
Down to a sunless sea.
The poem is perhaps one of the greatest fantasy works ever written and it is documented that Coleridge proudly admits that it was inspired by a vision brought on by an opium induced dream. In 1817 Coleridge devoted himself to theological and politico-sociological works and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1824. This is an astonishing feat by a man who in today’s society would be labelled a drug-addicted, common criminal.
Another writer intrinsically linked with drug culture is Aldous Huxley. Born in Surrey in 1894, Huxley will perhaps be best remembered for his novel Brave New World (1932) in which he wrote about a future where ‘World Controllers’ had created the ideal society through clever use of genetic engineering, brainwashing, recreational sex and drugs for all its members to become happy consumers. Considering this was written over seventy years ago it seems somewhat disturbing how poignant his predictions have been. But his views on society changed in his later years and a friendship with the psychiatrist Humphry Osmond in 1953 led to Huxley experimenting with the hallucinogenic drug mescaline. After this period of experimentation Huxley wrote Island (1962). This was the contradictory novel to his previous Brave New World. Whereas his 1932 book demonstrated a dystopian society, Island revelled in a brave, new utopia; drug use for enlightenment, and self-knowledge and not pacification; a trance induced state afforded the individual to ‘super-learning’ and not indoctrination; and sex became expressive and not meaningless.
另一位与毒品文化有着内在联系的作家是奥尔德斯·赫胥黎。1894年出生在萨里郡,赫胥黎或许会以他的小说《美丽新世界》(1932)中,他写了一个未来的世界控制器”创造了理想社会通过巧妙的利用基因工程,洗脑、休闲为其所有成员性和毒品成为快乐的消费者。考虑到这篇文章写于70多年前，他的预言如此尖刻，似乎有些令人不安。1953年，赫胥黎与精神病学家汉弗莱·奥斯蒙德(Humphry Osmond)的友谊促使他开始试验致幻药墨斯卡林(mescaline)。经过这段时间的实验，赫胥黎写了《岛屿》(1962年)。这是一本与他之前的《美丽新世界》相矛盾的小说。他1932年出版的书展示了一个反乌托邦的社会，而Island则陶醉于一个勇敢的新乌托邦;药物的使用是为了教化，和自知而不是安抚;一种恍惚诱导的状态提供给个体“超级学习”而不是灌输;性变得富有表现力，而不是毫无意义。
Huxley’s investigation into hallucinogenic drugs afforded him the ability to look at the world that surrounded him in a totally different way than he had previously. It is no coincidence that his new outlook on life coincided with the hippie movement of the 1960’s; a period of mass social change that asked individuals to look into themselves and recognise that the problems of the world should be faced head on and rectified. It was a time of free love, but at the same time social change and human protest. There was a sense of intense optimism that could be associated with the psychological effects of LSD. Huxley was a great writer before he took mescaline, and he was a great writer afterwards. The fact is that the drug did not hinder (or improve) his literary talents but influenced his perception on life in a positive, optimistic manner.
Conclusion结论
It is still an absorbing argument whether or not to legalise drugs in the UK. If it was solely up to each individual to choose there would be anarchy. As such the government must make a consistent, well researched decision and stick to it by enforcing the law. Unfortunately this means that the freedom of choice of 60 million people in the UK is decided for them by a handful of civil servants. Individual cases will be ignored in favour of a mass decision. However, research and consistency is not something that the current government seems able to adhere to. This is apparent in the debacle of the reclassification of cannabis wherein the classification changed but nothing much else did.
是否在英国将毒品合法化仍是一个引人入胜的争论。如果完全由每个人来选择，就会出现无政府状态。因此，政府必须做出一致的、经过充分研究的决定，并通过执行法律来坚持它。不幸的是，这意味着英国6000万人的选择自由是由少数公务员决定的。为了有利于集体决策，个别案例将被忽略。然而，研究和一致性似乎不是当前政府能够坚持的东西。这一点在大麻重新分类的失败中表现得很明显，分类发生了变化，但其他方面没有什么变化。
The argument that some drugs can improve society (as in the cases of art, music, literature, etc) is often shouted from the rooftops of universities and colleges around the UK, but falls on deaf ears in the workplace and suburbia. The biggest flaw to this particular pro-legalisation attitude is the fact that only a small amount of people will agree that all drugs should be legalised. Some people will agree that some drugs should be legalised; but most people will agree that most drugs should still be banned. It is all very well blaming the government for not being consistent, but you can excuse them when you realise that the whole nation is just as inconsistent on this subject matter.
In conclusion; if the question is “should drugs be legalised in the UK?” I would personally answer that they should not be legalised. If the question is “should some drugs be legalised in the UK?” then I would answer that they should. I would point out that if cannabis can inspire music, opium can enthuse literature and LSD can instigate revolution then the world would be a better place where people would work together “…to make the best of all the worlds – the worlds already realized within the various cultures, and beyond them, and the worlds of still unrealized potentialities.”
结论;如果问题是“毒品在英国应该合法化吗?”我个人的回答是，它们不应该被合法化。如果问题是“某些药物在英国应该合法化吗?”那么我就会回答他们应该这样做。我会指出,如果大麻能激发音乐,鸦片可以激发文学和LSD能煽动革命那么世界将会是一个更好的地方,人们会一起工作”……让最好的世界——世界已经意识到在各种文化中,除了他们之外,以及仍有未实现潜力的世界。”
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