Culture?
代写留学作业Appadurai (1996) “The idea of culture as involving the naturalized organization of certain differences in the interests of group identity, through and in the historical process, and through and in the tensions between agents and structures.” (p. 14)
Media?
What is the role of media in… … cultural (re)production in the context of disjunctive flows? … the relationship between nations and states? … the indigenization of cultural forms? … the production of locality within the flows of globalization?
What is the role of media in… … cultural (re)production in the context of disjunctive flows? … the relationship between nations and states? … the indigenization of cultural forms? … the production of locality within the flows of globalization?
Cultural domination?
Hesmondhalgh (2007) U.S. domination of international cultural trade: 1) size and nature of domestic market for leisure in the U.S. 2) active role of the state
1) Size and nature of domestic market for leisure in the U.S. - From an early stage, larger and wealthier market than any other in the world - U.S. production companies could cover costs at home and treat overseas markets as sources of further profit - Early years of television, greater repertoires of programming - Post WW II, many economies were rebuilding, but U.S. television market was establishing itself much earlier
2) Active role of the state/government organizations - promotion of cultural industries abroad as a means of securing export income - also, promotion of set of beliefs and values concerning how to organize production and consumption
2) Active role of the state/government organizations - In UNESCO forums after WW II, U.S. representatives pressed relentlessly for the notion of a free flow of information and entertainment across the world - post-war foreign aid was tied to stipulations that U.S. cultural exports would be permitted - contribution to communication infrastructures, such as satellites - …
http://www.1daixie.com/liuxueshengzuoye/Cultural imperialism thesis Most popular in the 1970s and 1980s - imposition of Western cultural products on the non-West - the potentially homogenizing effects of Western culture as it spreads across the world - the destruction of indigenous traditions by such cultural flows
Advantages and disadvantages of the cultural imperialism thesis?
Appadurai (1996) The case of Indian cricket - Cricket as a ‘hard cultural form’ and a colonialist import - However, it has become profoundly indigenized - Indigenization tied to colonial/national history - But key role of language and media: 代写留学生作业 - Radio commentaries from English (1930s) to also Hindi, Tamil, Bengali (1960s); sport ‘pidgin’ - Television, since 1960s, and printed materials