美国留学生建筑学课程作业定制-美国建筑文化与建筑艺术精髓Michelle Han
In the scenery of east village in Manhattan, newly built teaching building - Cooper Square should be a black sheep. It does not only bring us visual enjoyment and spiritual bridge, it is also the essence of the world buildings.
Cooper Union whose full name is The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art is a famous private university locating in the area of Manhattan in NY, USA, and its student house situates beside Astor Square and Cooper Square, both of which are between Third Avenue and 6th-9th Streets. (Yale Daily News, 2004) Cooper Union is a member of Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design. It is composed of Albert Nerken School of Engineering, Irwin’s Chain School of Architecture and School of Art. In addition, the rigorousness of accepting the students is neck-and-neck with Ivy Leagues. (Frederic P Miller, Agnes F Vandome, John McBrewster, 2009)
Cooper Institution was founded by inventor and entrepreneur Peter Cooper in 1859. (John A. Corry, 2003)He invented the first steam engine used for train. He once opened factories like iron mills, invested in real estate, insurance, railway and telecom. He also once ran for President of the United States. The foundation of Cooper Institution was for his idea that education should not be subject to the concept of racial and economic conditions.The addresses that were made in The Great Hall included those of Lincoln, Grant, Cleveland, Taft, Roosevelt, Wilson and Clinton. Among them, Clinton in 1993, 2006 and 2007, three times to Cooper Institute. The Great Hall is also the exchange center of Academic and Art. In addition, Obama has had a speech in March 2008, running for President of the United States. Cooper Union is often by American countries and news awarded first in bachelor level universities in northern USA. Among these alumni, many are successes in public or personal career, including the leading sponsors in their respective fields, leaders of enterprises and government officials.
New York's most famous architectural designer---Maine from Morphosis became the new Cooper Union institute building designer from 150 competitors in the toughest, and it is also really sensible that such work came from Morphosis Architects whose leader is Thom Maine. (Baron Thomas Babington Macaulay, 2009) Thom Mayne seeks coordination between ideas of architectural art and construction industry. Mayne has been committed to go beyond the boundaries of traditional forms and materials in his architectural designs in order to expand the boundary of modernism and post-modernism. Mayne said: ―The nature of me is trying to do something I believe in. I do not know how to compromise between the two conceptions—the private and the public world. As the Pritzker Prize judges said, ―Mayne didn’t get his ideas and methods of architecture from Europe modernism, nor did he affected by Asia or America of the last century. (Richard P. Wunder,1962) He created a new architectural practice, a truly
representation of the California culture which seems to be unique but rootless. Just like the previous Eameses, Neutra, Schindler and Gehry, Thom Mayne inherits the tradition of innovation of the west coast of the U.S.
―We insist on doing things that are difficult.‖ They are difficult to complete….but value embodies in difficulty.‖ This is what Thom Mayne cautioned Morphosis, his architectural firm founded in California in 1972. What Morphosis http://www.1daixie.com/liuxueshengzuoye/pursues, was reaching a field that is able to break the traditional boundaries of material quality and forms, coming out of dualism of modernism and postmodernism. What Morphosis mainly does always links buildings with the world and makes a comprehensive expression about people's ideas toward world and buildings surroundings.
In a pile of classical buildings it is very shocked that a so modern architecture suddenly appears. It has a dual character. Perhaps this is where the charm is. The architectural outer epidermis composed of epidermis trenchant edges and corners, sharp ruffle and metal panel is sending out the artistic temperament of modern fashion. (Thom Mayne, 211)The new academic building of Cooper Union is open but also concealed. It provides efficient space for laboratories, office and studios with a lot of spare spaces left. Perhaps, too much emphasis on the public space brought side effects. (Donald J. Berg, 98) This is a staunch architectural face in New York. (New York. Ira Spanierman ,1966)This building is made up of three original different building of department compositions that respectively belong to different colleges; this project pays much emphasis on informal public space.The building is the perfect combination of architecture and academic, and fully embodies the art, culture and positive active modern attitude toward life. It created a New York image with unique identity, and its magnificence evokes people’s courtesy to the city and the country's historical precipitation.
People can enter it from the ground floor, then up to layer 4 – then you could arrive at a student lounge of two layers, and from there you can see landscape of the whole city. (Archipenko Symposium, 2008) From the fifth to the ninth, there are a lot of balconies, Multi-Media Learning Centers, storage space. They are all built around clearing pot. Cooper square accommodate conferences, and encourage the exchange of interdisciplinary. The main elevator only stopped on the 1st layer, 5th layers and 8th floors, so as to increase students' physical activities.The surface of the building experiences plasma arc welding of stainless steel. The stair with 6 meter width rotates around the central hall. Above the hall in the building the wall with holes is adopted. (John Hejduk, 2000)This translucent perforated stainless steel plate can be operated in order to constitute a constant motion pattern, and it can also block outside sunshine, so it has very good shade in summer. It can become insulation in winter. At such an age, boundaries between reality and figures space, mechanical and man-made objects, collective and personal communications all become fuzzy. But the building proposed a new boundary of public space and private space hierarchies so that college can be faster meets informal social needs of modern student.
At the bottom, thin armor plate is surrounded and held up, in order to expose the inner hall, public art gallery, activity space, and retail outlets. Thom Maine said, "I think this has close relationship with its special nature." Within the building, the ground is made of simple concrete; the ceiling is made of the system of modular wallboard, and consistent with decorated style. It can change its temperature, making it hot or cold, also it is flexible enough to facilitate repair and reform. Various bare material and strange geometric shapes seems completely according to its own meaning overlap interlaced. All sorts of thing lays in atrium lobby , prefabricated, hovering scaffolding, perforated composite ceiling, towering water metope, tilted glass panel, fluctuant armrest, all of these are put together just like the strange combination of Euclid. Composed by steel tube and shell, wrapped GFRG outside, and modeled by computer, the "super grid" which costs one year is made by manual device. It is a high perfect confluence of advanced technology and manual technology. They can move, with no actual effect, but have a lot of fun.
Thom Mayne and Morphosis need to reconsider the question of how to stratify the public working space from private working space in modern education as well as modern city, and their task was trying to make up the reduced 3700 square meters because of the reducing of the teaching buildings from the prior three to two.If an education institution deems to provide public services, then the main building with a long history and the auditorium should be the sacred landmark as public buildings. The free flow of building space as Thom Mayne’s solution. Mayne hopes that this kind of corridors、resting rooms、meeting rooms or balconies could bring students with encounters and reencounters and provide them with those chances that can not realized through phones and face book.For example, elevators are available only for the forth and seventh floor. By doing this, most students and teachers have to walk 代写美国留学生作业upstairs or downstairs to reach their destinations. And thus they will have more chances to say hello their classmates and colleges during their way.
From the 1930s, Western Europe and some American architects proposed to reform the architectural design. From the 19th to the outbreak of First World War in 1914, more advocated reformation of building. In 19th century changes in the field of architecture, caused by the architectural revolution which is affected by industrial revolution, whether in terms of depth or width, are all unprecedented in architectural history. In the 20th century, the changes are continuing, diffusing to more areas in the world. It is architectural history of an unprecedented architectural revolution that breeds the 20th century modern buildings.（Donald J. Berg，2005）
To solve the problem that where the building’ direction was, we also needed to reply to a series of practical and theoretical subjects, including that how the architecture meets the function requirements put forward by the modern production and life; how it matches industry with scientific technology suitably, how the architects adapt to new social economic conditions, how the architects improve the methods of their work, etc. Modern architecture should adapt to the conditions of industrialization era. And the architects should take on their own social
responsibility; the modern architecture also appeals active adoption of new materials and new structure so as to improve the innovation of construction technology in order to create new styles of architecture. What modern architecture encourages also includes developing architectural aesthetics and creating new styles of buildings that reflect new ages.
Architecture is condensing rich cultural spirit, also displays the national culture. Cooper square is in the witness of The Times, the most important value of it is not the value of economic, but of culture and emotion.