Definition of culture in ethical relativism and universalism文化的定义、普遍主义的大社会道德相对主义
道德相对主义是拒绝的普遍伦理规范和规章制度。它也拒绝存在的客观的道德准则。在不同的文化中存在的主要问题是,这个问题不解决有关道德和共同的道德规范并不发明了。在大多数情况下,不同文化之间的分歧意见相左的时候出现,因为事实。所以,最重要的事实规定导致解决这个问题的办法。另一名消息人士的文化批评的分歧和其他文化价值观的差异也会造成。他们是基本的道德问题上有不同观点,他们的解决方案是实际上是不可能的。
根据当地文化相对主义道德伦理是一种文化。所以一些基本概念进行解释以这一事实考虑进去。例如,“右”,“坏”,“好”、“德”相关批准的东西在社会上的地位。道德原则对个性的形成根据社会道德。本文的结论是,人们应该遵循道德规范和法律自身的社会。他们自己的道德判断给了他们一个可能性,所以批评所有其他的文化。
民族主义是一种精确的对立道德相对主义。伦理普遍存在的假设基本的道德原则,到处都是正确的,并适用于所有的人在类似的情况。这些原则被隐藏起来,不太容易找到他们,所以所有的时候出现争论。道德上的错误和失误也时有发生,因为这些基本原理是很难找到的!
道德相对主义的要点否认普遍主义。其良好的证据证明力是缺乏一个普遍道德的现代世界。社会不能发现相互同意的道德问题。企业文化影响的形成是一个主观道德和文化现象,所以它的产品不能普遍和常见的。基本的道德争论永远不会被解决。
提出了自己的论点,普遍保护其理论依据和批评道德相对主义。所有这些论点之一是他们的对手对普遍主义。社会道德有不同意见,但是他们也不同意关于一些历史、地理、生物事实,但这并不意味着没有正确答案的问题,在这些领域,同样的情况是与道德。普遍认为所有的代表产品文化或普遍的目的。科学是文化的产物,但科学普及法律是道德能是全球通用的。
道德相对主义和普遍主义发展过,发明新的反对他们竞争对手的理论和巩固自己的地位。道德相对主义的其他文化,否认任何道德相信道德的一个明确的社会。有论文,我们可以带任何来自其他文化和不能把它们作为一个例子。如果所有的社会形态和发展自己的道德观是没有机会带领世界伦理到任何进展。
存在主义意味着通用的客观事实。所以,他们发现了这个真理必须把它在其他的人,但在这样的一个人失去独立和自由选择的生活。与此同时概念普遍真理不包括容忍其他文化形式。道德相对主义和普遍主义都还不完善,将进一步发展。
Ethical relativism is denial of universal ethical norms and regulations. It also rejects the existence of the objective ethical criterion. The main problem in different cultures is that the question about morality isn’t settled and the common moral norms are not invented. In most cases disagreements between different cultures appear because of disagreements in facts. So, regulation of the most important facts leads to the solution of this problem. Another source of cultural disagreements and so criticism of other cultures are caused by differences of values. They are fundamental moral disagreements and their solution is practically impossible.
According to cultural ethical relativism morality is a matter of the culture. So basic definitions are interpreted taking this fact into account. For example, “right”, “bad”, “good”, “virtuous” are correlated with the thing approved by the society. Moral principles of the individuality are formed according to the social morality. The conclusion is that people should follow moral norms and laws of their own society. Their own morality gives them a possibility to judge and so criticize all the other cultures.
Ethical universalism is an exact antithesis to ethical relativism. Ethical universalism supposes the existence of the fundamental moral principles that are correct everywhere and are suitable for all people in similar situations. These principles are hidden and it’s not very easy to find them, so all the time appear arguments about them. Moral errors and blunders also take place because these basic principles are hard to find.
Ethical relativism denies the main points of universalism. Its good probative evidence is the absence of one universal morality in the modern world. Societies can’t find mutual consent in the question of the morality. Culture influences the formation of the morality and culture is a subjective phenomenon so its products can’t be universal and common. Fundamental moral disagreements would never be solved.
Universalism proposes its own argument to protect its theoretical base and to criticize ethical relativism. It disproves all the arguments of their opponents against universalism. Societies disagree about morality, but they also disagree about some historical, geographical, biological facts but it doesn’t mean that there isn’t one correct answer to the questions in these spheres, the same situation is with the morality. Representatives of universalism argue that all the products of culture can’t be objective or universal. Science is the product of culture, but scientific laws are universal so morality can be universal.
Ethical relativism and universalism develop across, inventing new arguments against their opponents’ theory and consolidating their positions. Ethical relativism denying all the other cultures and morality believes in the morality of a definite society. It follows from thesis that we can take anything from other cultures and mustn’t take them as an example. If all the societies form and develop their own moralities there is no chance to lead the world ethics to any progress./
Universalism implies the existence of the universal objective truth. So those, who find this truth must spread it among other people, but in a such way people lose independence and free choice in life. At the same time conception of the universal truth excludes tolerance to other cultures and moralities. Both ethical relativism and universalism are not perfect and will develop further.
Bibliography
1.Alexander, Jeffrey C. (1995). Fin de Siecle Social Theory. Relativism, Reduction and the Problem of Reason. Verso, London.
2. Ladd, John, ed. (1985). Ethical Relativism. Lanham: University Press of America.