留学生essay作业代写范文—气候变化对旅游业的影响，本文是一篇留学生管理专业的Essay写作格式参考范文。旅游业是对世界经济做出贡献的产业。事实上，一些国家的经济收入主要来自旅游业。个人收入的增加和不同国家对其吸引力的推广使该行业得到了发展。交通便利也推动了它的增长，因为越来越多难以到达的目的地都修建了机场，以方便前往。有了机场，游客可以到达遥远的地区，享受当地的美景。那些来自寒冷地区的人会在同一或不同的大陆上寻找温暖的地方。例如，北欧人会去南部的国家，如西班牙和意大利，利用更温暖的气候。有些人甚至会为了他们的海滩或珊瑚礁去到东南亚或加勒比海(Bigano et al. 2005，第1页)。以下是管理学essay范例写作的全部内容，是一篇符合国外大学Essay写作格式要求的范文，供参考。
Tourism is an industry that contributes to the world economy. In fact, some countries’ economies derive most of their revenues from tourism. The increase in individual income and the promotion of different countries of their attractions have caused the industry to grow. Its growth is also fueled by the ease of transportation as more and more hard-to-reach destinations have constructed airports for easier access. With airports, tourists find it possible to reach far-flung areas and enjoy the beauty of the local places. Those who come from cold places would seek warmer locations in the same or different continent. The Northern Europeans, for instance, would go to the nations in the south, like Spain and Italy, to take advantage of the warmer climate. Others would even go so far as Southeast Asia or the Caribbean for their beaches or coral reefs (Bigano et al. 2005, p. 1).
In the past several years, there has been a growing concern over the effect of global warming on the climate. All around the world, climate changes are becoming more evident, causing flooding and extreme temperatures in different nations. Weather patterns have become unpredictable, which means that summer periods could be extended or winter may be longer than usual. These disturbances in the weather and their impact on the environment are significant to the tourism industry. The tourism industry is dependent on the predictability of the season in order to attract travelers who want to experience different activities related to the season. Those who love skiing would visit ski lodges while the water enthusiasts are going to beaches during summer. But with climate changes, the tourism industry is affected in various ways. Climate changes can directly or indirectly affect the local destinations, which need to retain their appeal to foreign visitors in order for the industry to flourish.
在过去的几年里，人们越来越关注全球变暖对气候的影响。在世界各地，气候变化越来越明显，在不同的国家造成了洪水和极端气温。天气模式变得难以预测，这意味着夏季可能会延长，冬季可能会比平时更长。这些天气的干扰及其对环境的影响对旅游业至关重要。旅游业依赖于季节的可预测性，以吸引想要体验与季节相关的不同活动的游客。喜欢滑雪的人会去滑雪旅馆，而水上爱好者则会在夏天去海滩。但随着气候的变化，旅游业受到了各种各样的影响。气候变化会直接或间接地影响当地的旅游目的地，为了旅游业的繁荣，这些地方需要保持对外国游客的吸引力。
A. Impacts of Climate Change on TourismA.气候变化对旅游业的影响
Each tourist destination worldwide has its own appeal. This can come from the activities it can provide to visitors, like skiing or golf, or it can come from their natural beauty or what nature has to offer. It is important that each destination should retain its charms in order to keep the tourist industry booming. Another important factor to keep tourism alive is that of accessibility. Areas that become damaged or inaccessible lose their charm, causing tourists to seek other unspoilt or reachable destinations. With climate change, the beauty of the local destinations is threatened while accessibility too can become a problem especially when airports, roads and bridges are destroyed during extreme weather disturbances. The different impact of climate changes on the tourism industry will be discussed in the succeeding sections.
(i) Coral Bleaching: Affects Scuba Diving Tourists(i)珊瑚白化:影响潜水游客
Scuba diving is one of the most popular activities that encourages the growth of tourism. Areas with extensive and diverse coral reefs would attract visitors from different countries to explore the wonders of the underwater world. However, climate changes in recent years have caused damage to the oceans and the reefs. In the Philippines, a country that is blessed with various diving sites, the warming of the sea especially from the El Nino phenomenon resulted to what is known as coral bleaching. Coral bleaching results to the death of about 49% of live coral. Moreover, the higher amount of dissolved CO2 means that corals, mollusks and shells are also destroyed in the process (Ocean Heritage Philippines 2009). Without these organisms and creatures underwater, the diving industry in this nation will suffer. The diving crowd does not have any reason to visit the Philippines if its corals and sea life will continue to experience devastation.
水肺潜水是促进旅游业发展的最受欢迎的活动之一。拥有广阔而多样的珊瑚礁的地区会吸引来自不同国家的游客来探索海底世界的奇迹。然而，近年来的气候变化对海洋和珊瑚礁造成了破坏。在拥有众多潜水地点的菲律宾，海水变暖，尤其是厄尔尼诺现象，导致了所谓的珊瑚白化。珊瑚白化导致约49%的活珊瑚死亡。此外，二氧化碳溶解量的增加意味着珊瑚、软体动物和贝壳也在这个过程中遭到破坏(菲律宾海洋遗产，2009年)。没有这些生物和生物在水下，这个国家的潜水产业将遭受损失。如果菲律宾的珊瑚和海洋生物继续遭受破坏，潜水人群就没有任何理由来菲律宾了。
Maldives is another country that would be severely affected by climate changes. Like the Philippines, it also has rich coral reefs that are in danger of being destroyed because of coral bleaching. Divers who visit Maldives specifically for its coral would lose a reason for visiting the island. The same is true for all the other diving spots worldwide. They would all suffer the lessening of the number of visitors to their places. Tourists who are into diving may opt to stay in their places of origin or pursue other alternatives if there are not enough corals in the world left that are worth their time (Viner and Agnew 1999, p. 16).
(ii) Coastal Flooding and Erosion海岸洪水和侵蚀
A more pressing concern of climate changes is the rising of the sea level. Maldives’ elevation is low, which means that the higher the sea level rises, the more likely will the island be overwashed with storm surges. It is estimated that Maldives could be removed from the map in the next 30 years if the sea level continues to rise unabated. Not only will the country’s tourism become affected but the entire island would disappear (Viner and Agnew 1999, p. 17).
The Bahamas is another popular destination among tourists because of its temperate climate and its pristine beaches. But the warming brought on by climate changes is going to negatively impact the island. Like the Maldives, the Bahamas is also vulnerable to storm surges, which can get worse with the rising of the sea level. Its freshwater bodies are also turning brackish because of the encroachment of the seawater. Flooding and coastal erosion will severely impact the tourism industry of the Bahamas because tourism is dependent on the relative beauty of the coastal areas. Resorts and hotels could be severely damaged if there are strong storm surges. This island, along with others in the Caribbean, must adapt to climate changes so that their vulnerabilities are lessened (Smith 2008).
巴哈马群岛因其温和的气候和原始的海滩而成为另一个受游客欢迎的目的地。但气候变化带来的变暖将对该岛产生负面影响。和马尔代夫一样，巴哈马群岛也容易受到风暴潮的影响，随着海平面的上升，风暴潮可能会变得更糟。由于海水的侵蚀，它的淡水体也变得略带咸味。洪水和海岸侵蚀将严重影响巴哈马的旅游业，因为旅游业依赖于沿海地区的相对美景。如果出现强烈的风暴潮，度假村和酒店可能会受到严重破坏。这个岛屿和加勒比海的其他岛屿一样，必须适应气候变化，以减少它们的脆弱性(Smith 2008)。
(iii) Threat to Winter Activities: Reduction of Snow Cover(iii)对冬季活动的威胁:积雪覆盖减少
While rising sea levels and coral bleaching threaten tropical islands, those that are located in colder regions are faced with a different kind of threat brought on by climate changes. The tourism industry in colder regions are dependent on winter sports, like skiing, The general trend in the weather conditions is that of warming, which means that the summer months could be extended and the snow cover would be lower. Without enough snow, traditional ski resorts will not be able to offer their usual winter activities. Without those activities, tourism will become slow since their visitors would not want to be stuck in ski resorts with nothing to do for the duration of their vacation (Viner and Agnew 1999, p. 19).
In the Prairie Provinces of Canada, which includes Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, it is expected that the grassland ecozone will be shifting North, and the wildlife will also move with the ecozone. Some wildlife will not be able to adapt to rapid changes, which can result to their extinction. Wildlife enthusiasts will also follow the game and would not visit the usual places where tourism normally is. A longer summer is also foreseen, which will threaten the livelihood of ski resort operators, restaurants, and hotels (International Institute for Sustainable Development 1997, p. 9).
在加拿大的草原省，包括阿尔伯塔省、马尼托巴省和萨斯喀彻温省，草原生态区预计将向北移动，野生动物也将随着生态区移动。一些野生动物将无法适应快速的变化，这可能导致它们的灭绝。野生动物爱好者也会关注这场比赛，而不会去通常旅游的地方。预计夏季还会延长，这将威胁到滑雪场经营者、饭店和旅馆的生计(国际可持续发展研究所1997年第9页)。
Alternatively, cool destinations become more attractive not because of the winter sports but as a respite from the warming of the already warm regions. People would seek colder places, like North America and Australia. The British and German tourists, who are considered to be the largest in the number of overall international tourists, may prefer to stay home because their weather would not be too cold anymore (Lynas 2003, p. 97). The result of this would be a decline in international tourism revenues.
(iv) Uncomfortably High Temperatures Causes Shift in Destinations(iv)令人不适的高温导致目的地改变
While ski resorts are experiencing lower revenues because of shorter seasons, those that are located in warmer climates are also finding it a problem when temperatures rise to an uncomfortable level. Northern Europeans mostly like to go vacationing during winter in other parts of the world where the weather is usually sunny for most of the year. They would stay outdoors to sunbathe for several hours. However, summer temperatures are likely to rise above 40 degrees Celsius. This level is already very high for human to still feel comfortable. This can already lead to heat stress and may even cause fatalities due to stroke.
Tourists are not likely to visit the summer places to avoid the soaring temperatures. They could instead go to places that are still cold but not as cold as their own regions. Alternatively, the holidaymakers may opt to postpone their vacations to a later time of the year or take it earlier while the heat is not that intense yet (Viner and Agnew 1999, p. 21).
Bigano et al. (2005, p. 8) stated that it is possible for the movement of tourists to shift and for international tourism revenues to become lower. Some regions are going to benefit from the shift since tourists would be heading to temperate regions; others will suffer from the movement because of the loss of revenues.
(v) Spread of Diseases(v)疾病传播
There are many diseases that thrive on warmer climates. Many of them become spread or carried to other countries that did not have them in the past because of the movement of people and goods. The dengue-carrying mosquito and the malaria-carrying mosquito do not thrive in cold climates. They are found in tropical countries in Africa and in Southeast Asia. But with the warming of the globe, suitable environments can be created for them in other nations.
This can affect tourism because holidaymakers will shun a tourist destination that becomes a source of a fatal illness. In Spain, for example, the nation is seen as a no-risk destination. Meaning, tourists do not need to get immunized for malaria or the yellow fever. People can go to Spain and have their fun without worrying about exotic diseases. However, malaria has resurfaced in Spain because the climate changes in the region is becoming ideal for the breeding of the type of mosquitoes that carry the disease (Viner and Agnew 1999, p. 23).
这可能会影响旅游业，因为度假者会避开一个成为致命疾病源头的旅游目的地。例如，在西班牙，这个国家被视为一个无风险的目的地。这意味着游客不需要接种疟疾或黄热病疫苗。人们可以去西班牙玩，而不用担心外来疾病。然而，疟疾在西班牙重新出现，因为该地区的气候变化正成为携带这种疾病的蚊子繁殖的理想条件(Viner和Agnew, 1999年，第23页)。
(vi) Loss of Income for Tourist Destinations(vi) 旅游目的地收入损失
Since climate changes cause temperatures to rise, the result of that would be the melting of snowcaps and the inundation of coastal areas. The melting of snowcaps is going to hurt the ski operators in Japan, Australia, North America, and the European Alps. When snow melts, that would cause the water level to rise, which in turn will flood coastal areas that are very attractive to those who like to experience the sea. All of these would deal a huge blow on industries that directly or indirectly depend on tourism. The ski resorts are going to lose customers without enough snow for their usual activities. The beach resorts are going to be damaged because of flooding and the natural attractiveness of the beaches could get damaged after flooding. People working on resorts are going to lose their jobs. Those that are indirectly affected by a decline in tourism are the tour guides, the hotels, and the people who derive their income from selling to tourists or for offering their services.
Of the $735 billion revenues generated from international tourism, about one third of that income went to developing countries that boasts of beautiful beaches and extensive coral reefs. A worsening of climate change means that developing countries are going to lose a rich source of income (Balboa 2009).
B. Implication for Tourism Management Policies
Although tourism is a big source of income, it can also become the source of pollution that affects the environment and contributes to climate change. Air travel, ground activities, and ground transport all increase the emissions of carbon dioxide, which causes the climate to become erratic. This means that the local governments should implement policy changes so that tourism does not become a problem. Toward this end, several tourist destinations worldwide are already taking measures to avoid worsening the environmental degradation, as well as, preserve natural attractions.
The Boracay Island in the Philippines is one of the famous destinations for people who enjoy long, shorelines with white and powdery beaches. The local government, along with various environmental groups like Green Peace Solar Generation Youth, has implemented climate-friendly solutions that tourists and resort operators should follow. These include responsible tourism, energy efficiency, and zero waste. Energy efficiency measures include the use of solar panels for powering laptops and the use of batteries to operate cars and motorbikes (Temblador 2009). The Phuket island of Thailand promotes ecotourism since the government is also aware that businesses and individuals have to radically change how they deal with the environment in order to lower greenhouse emissions. The Carbon Neutral Concept is already in effect so that those who are in the island become environmental stewards who protect and conserve the natural resources for the future. The program also calls for businesses and individuals to measure and limit their carbon footprints. If possible, they should target net zero emissions (Hot Phuket Villas, n.d.).
菲律宾的长滩岛是一个著名的目的地，人们喜欢长长的白色和粉状海滩。当地政府与绿色和平青年太阳能发电(Green Peace Solar Generation Youth)等各种环保组织一起，实施了游客和度假村经营者应该效仿的气候友好型解决方案。其中包括负责任的旅游、能源效率和零浪费。能效措施包括使用太阳能电池板为笔记本电脑供电，使用电池为汽车和摩托车提供动力(Temblador 2009)。泰国普吉岛提倡生态旅游，因为政府也意识到企业和个人必须从根本上改变他们处理环境的方式，以减少温室气体排放。碳中和概念已经生效，使岛上的人们成为为未来保护和保存自然资源的环境管家。该计划还呼吁企业和个人测量并限制他们的碳足迹。如果可能的话，他们应该以净零排放为目标(热普吉别墅，北达科他州)。
These two examples are just among the local changes initiated by the governments of areas that are known to be popular tourist destinations. However, these efforts are localised and only aimed at protecting local attractions. There is a need to coordinate efforts among the global tourism industry so that long-term solutions are reached. Those that are in the business should also work with various governments and interest groups so that more countries adapt to the changes that the environment needs.
Conclusion结论
It is undeniable that the world is experiencing weather disturbances due to climate changes. Experts believe that environmental damage is one of the reasons why this is happening. Tourism is found to be a contributing factor to climate changes because the movement of people and their activities while on vacation increase the level of carbon emissions. The different effects of climate changes include snowcaps melting, coral bleaching, flooding, and rising sea levels, which are all causing changes to the tourism industry. The more obvious effects include the lowering of the number of tourists in popular destinations where the natural resources, like coral reefs and beaches, have been destroyed due to climate changes. It is also predicted that there is going to be a shift in the movement of people away from overly warm climates to temperate ones, which creates new jobs in new places while making the old destinations suffer economically due to job losses.
The impact of climate changes on tourism calls for reforms in the existing policies that relate to the environment. There is a need for local and international cooperation so that the businesses and individuals in the sector will be able to adapt to these changes. The tourism industry has to adopt measures so that natural resources are protected. These measures should also contribute to the protection of the global environment.
气候变化对旅游业的影响要求改革与环境有关的现有政策。有必要进行地方和国际合作，使该部门的企业和个人能够适应这些变化。旅游业必须采取措施保护自然资源。这些措施还应有助于保护全球环境。
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