留学生report作业-供应链对企业竞争优势的影响,本文是一篇留学生report作业写作范文,主要内容是讲述在过去十五年中，有大量研究表明，企业的竞争优势现在在于其供应链相对于其他供应链的有效性和效率，而不是一个组织内的单一或个人努力。有效性和效率是通过各种系统和技术创造的，尤其是在组织的仓储能力范围内。report作业中解释什么是仓库？这是一个在货物使用、分销或销售之前储存货物的地方。在本任务中，我将从总体角度讨论仓储和库存在某些行业中的重要性。下面就一起来参考这篇留学生report作业.
Introduction 引言
There has been extensive research within the last fifteen years that illustrates that a firm’s competitive advantage now lies within the effectiveness and efficiency of its supply chain over other supply chains rather than singular or individual efforts within an organization. The effectiveness and efficiency is created through a wide variety of systems and technologies but especially within an Organizations Warehousing ability. What is a warehouse? It is a place where goods are stored prior to their use, distribution, or sale (Collinsdictionary.com, 2018). Within in this assignment I will discuss the importance of Warehousing and Inventory within certain industries and from a general viewpoint.
The concept of a warehouse or also known as Distribution centres are sites where raw materials, semi-finished or finished products are stored. A warehouse represents an “interruption in the flow of material and thus adding cost to the system” (Mukit, 2016). I will analyse the beverage industry to develop an understanding of the types of warehouses in which they use and why they may hold inventory.
仓库或也称为配送中心的概念是存储原材料、半成品或成品的场所。仓库代表“物料流中断，从而增加系统成本”。我将对饮料行业进行分析，以了解他们使用的仓库类型以及为什么他们可能持有库存。
Improved Economic factors has allowed a higher level within consumers disposable income which intern leads to consumption of premium beverages and higher quantities of previously chosen drinks. This results in increased speeds and productivity requirements whilst forcing the beverage industry into automation(Supplychain247.com, 2018).
经济因素的改善使消费者的可支配收入水平提高，从而导致优质饮料的消费和先前选择的饮料的数量增加。这导致速度和生产率要求提高，同时迫使饮料行业实现自动化。
Introduction to Warehousing layout & designs 仓储布局与设计简介
The process of laying out a warehouse is a lot like putting a puzzle together (Frazelle, 2001). How do we find the right place for materials to be placed in a warehouse? According to Grant, Lambert, Stock & Ellram, the optimal layout and design for each firm will be different & will differ to the products being sold (for example frozen foods vs Electronic goods), the amount of money the organisation has to spend on the layout and design, the competition and lastly fulfilling all customer needs such as quality speed and cost. (Grant et al., 2006). There are a multiple of elements to evaluate when it comes to layout and design and to follow common warehouse layouts such as “U” and “I” shaped material flows (Frazelle, 2001). Whilst keeping in mind the safety, dimension and structure as well as handling equipment (Forklifts) and space requirements. When designing a warehouse, the organisation needs to choose what type of warehouse they need to create to suit their flow of goods. The warehouse common types are U-shaped, L-shaped, I-shaped and multi-story designs each containing their own benefits (REB Storage Systems International, 2018).
布置仓库的过程很像拼图。我们如何在仓库中找到合适的材料存放位置？根据Grant、Lambert、Stock&Ellram的说法，每家公司的最佳布局和设计将有所不同&将因销售的产品（例如冷冻食品与电子产品）、组织在布局和设计上的花费、竞争以及最终满足所有客户需求（如质量、速度和成本）而有所不同。。当涉及布局和设计时，需要评估多个要素，并遵循常见的仓库布局，如“U”形和“I”形物料流。同时牢记安全、尺寸和结构以及搬运设备（叉车）和空间要求。在设计仓库时，组织需要选择需要创建的仓库类型，以适应其货物流。仓库的常见类型为U形、L形、I形和多层设计，每种设计都包含各自的优点。
U-shaped warehouse product flows U形仓库产品流
This type of warehouse is the most common amongst the category. From the diagram below, the shipping and receiving docks are located beside each other. This allows the shared usage of the docks and resources. Within this design and layout, it minimises the handling of the commodity allowing a “high cross docking capability” (REB Storage Systems International, 2018).
此类仓库是此类仓库中最常见的。从下图可以看出，装运码头和收货码头位于彼此旁边。这允许共享码头和资源。在这种设计和布局中，它最大限度地减少了商品的搬运，允许“高交叉对接能力”。
L-shaped warehouse product flows L形仓库产品流
This layout design, known as through flow and are beneficial for certain organisations. This L shaped warehouse design allows companies to receive goods on “one side and dispatch on the adjacent side at a 90 degrees angle” (Logisticsbureau.com, 2018) which is visualised on the diagram below. A large number of organisations employ this layout that receive goods on large trailers and pallets but dispatch through smaller transport options. Often modern companies include a mixture of I, U and L shaped layout s to meet the needs of the market requirements whether its B2B, B2C or Business to Route
0(Walker, 2018). This layout allows large sorting areas within shipping and receiving docks thus not meeting the needs for the beverage industry.
这种布局设计称为直通式布局，对某些组织有益。这种L形仓库设计允许公司“一边接收货物，另一边以90度角发货”，如下图所示。许多组织采用这种布局，在大型拖车和托盘上接收货物，但通过较小的运输选项进行发货。现代公司通常包括I、U和L形布局的混合，以满足市场需求，无论是B2B、B2C还是业务路线 。这种布局允许在装运和接收码头内有较大的分拣区域，因此无法满足饮料行业的需求。
(REB Storage Systems International, 2018).
I-shaped warehouse product flows I形仓库产品流
These types of warehouses allow the good to be received at one end and then dispatched at the opposite end of the warehouse also known as a flow through warehouse. These warehouses are only beneficial for organisations that have a high flow of goods in and out of their warehouse (Walker, 2018). This layout is seen in manufacturing warehouse and isn’t commonly used within the drinks & beverages industry.
这些类型的仓库允许货物在一端接收，然后在仓库的另一端发送，也称为流通仓库。这些仓库仅对进出仓库的货物流量大的组织有利。这种布局见于制造仓库，在饮料和饮料行业中并不常用。
Layout Planning 布局规划
(Hassan, 2002) States the most “appropriate warehouse layout depends on its particular operational conditions and characteristics like adaptability, modularity, distribution of movements, accessibility, flexibility and compactness”. Within this statement, the layout of a warehouse is problem-dependant meaning there is no certain design all carry their own strengths and weaknesses only recommendations and previous experience in the chosen industry will allow the choice to be made. Hale (2006) states there are three functions and fundamentals that occur being Relationships, Space and Adjustments. The relationships refer to the relative degree of closeness desired and the organisation and the industry they operate in. certain fundamentals are more important than others and placed at an accessible location. When designing a warehouse, it is important to establish a layouts processes accordingly to allow future adaptions (Hales, 2006).
最合适的仓库布局取决于其特定的操作条件和特点，如适应性、模块化、移动分布、可访问性、灵活性和紧凑性。在本声明中，仓库的布局取决于问题，这意味着没有特定的设计。所有设计都有其自身的优势和劣势。只有所选行业的建议和以往经验才能做出选择。Hale指出，存在三种功能和基本原理，即关系、空间和调整。关系指的是所需的相对紧密程度，以及他们所经营的组织和行业。某些基础设施比其他基础设施更重要，并放置在可接近的位置。在设计仓库时，重要的是建立相应的布局流程，以便将来进行调整。
Space required can be developed from an analysis of equipment and process machinery necessary for the organisation. Each of the requirement needs are to be balanced contra to the space available. The Systematic Layout Planning Pattern, Space relationship diagram is a layout of the warehouse. It is a layout that is not effective until certain adjustments and modification are made to accommodate the organisations considerations. Each adjustment like handling method, storage scheduling etc, all have to be taken into account. These all face limitations like safety, cost and time.
所需空间可通过对组织所需设备和工艺机械的分析得出。每个需求都要与可用空间相平衡。系统布局规划模式、空间关系图是仓库的一种布局。在进行某些调整和修改以适应组织的考虑之前，这种布局是无效的。每次调整，如搬运方法、存储调度等，都必须考虑在内。这些都面临安全、成本和时间等限制。
Key Input Data 键输入数据
The layout for an organisation cannot proceed without input data. Its shows the information behind each process and there are five categories within Key Input Data “P Q R S T”
没有输入数据，组织的布局无法继续。它显示了每个过程背后的信息，在关键输入数据“P、Q、R、S、T”中有五个类别
Product 产品
Quantity 质量
Routing 线路
Support 支持
Timing 时机
Product includes the types of packaging, product and the type of loading units which all depend on Internal transport. The Quantity refers to the collection time of each product and the quantity per loading unit. Routing allows the best route to be chosen to store goods and to collect goods. Through the Support or Service sector it includes the different types of administration, transport, and wholesaler methods. Lastly timing revolves around the timing of packaging, collection storage of product and is a crucial part in the key input stage (prezi.com, 2018). The Beverage industry has to pay close attention to the layout planning stage due to the high volume of good thy receive in and out of their warehouses. The high traffic of goods must ensure a flow and layout is created that will match the high volumes in which they operate.
产品包括包装类型、产品和装载装置类型，所有这些都取决于内部运输。数量是指每个产品的收集时间和每个装载单位的数量。路由允许选择最佳路径来存储货物和收集货物。通过支持或服务部门，它包括不同类型的管理、运输和批发商方法。最后，时间安排围绕着产品的包装、收集和储存时间安排，是关键输入阶段的关键部分。饮料行业必须密切关注布局规划阶段，因为货物进出仓库的数量很大。货物的高流量必须确保所创建的流量和布局与货物运营的高流量相匹配。
Dexion material handling organisation state the beverage industry are continual pressured to maximise their available space. There are certain elements within food & beverage warehouse that must be equipped to meet your storage needs. Adjustable racking systems allows the assemble of a “single or deep double configuration” (Dexion, 2018). With the adjustable racking system, it allows heights of 30 metres, Operational temperatures from -30oC to +40oC and also a Galvanized finish to prevent rust (Dexion, 2018).
Dexion物料搬运组织表示，饮料行业不断受到压力，以最大限度地利用其可用空间。食品和饮料仓库中的某些元素必须配备以满足您的存储需求。可调货架系统允许组装“单或深双配置”。通过可调货架系统，它可以达到30米的高度，工作温度从-30℃到+40℃，还可以进行镀锌处理以防止生锈。
On review of the beverage industry, it expresses the demand different drinks greatly changes over the course of the year. The different climates and temperatures cause a rise in certain products and a fall in others. As a beverage system logistics provider, wholesaler, distributor and manufacturer the ability to adapt to different demands is essential within the industry (LTD, 2018). Herchenbach offer “Temporary Warehouses to allow organisation to adapt quickly to the change in demand.
对饮料行业的回顾表明，不同饮料的需求在一年中发生了巨大变化。不同的气候和温度导致某些产品的价格上涨，而另一些产品的价格下跌。作为饮料系统物流供应商、批发商、分销商和制造商，适应不同需求的能力在行业内至关重要。Herchenbach提供“临时仓库”，使组织能够快速适应需求的变化。
Firstly, Herchenbach allow rapid response times meaning the warehouse can be placed on the current site and would not affect operations that are currently in progress. The warehouses offered by Herchenbach can be installed on paving and do not need a foundation laid. Another benefit this organisation provide is the uncertain demand and future forecasting for a company to plan ahead. The warehouses can be installed and dismantled in a couple of weeks. The warehouses offered can range from being fully insulated, partially insulated, or no insulation at all. Allows the demand in different seasons and climates to be met quickly and efficiently. The low margins created within the beverage industry relies on excellent financial management. These warehouses are built from durable reinforced aluminium and Herchenbach offer them to be purchased, leased and hired. Their largest project has created a temporary warehouse with space for over 16,000 pallets (LTD, 2018).
首先，Herchenbach允许快速响应时间，这意味着仓库可以放置在当前现场，不会影响当前正在进行的操作。Herchenbach提供的仓库可以安装在路面上，不需要铺设基础。该组织提供的另一个好处是不确定的需求和未来预测，使公司能够提前计划。仓库可以在几周内安装和拆除。提供的仓库可以是完全隔热、部分隔热或完全不隔热。允许快速有效地满足不同季节和气候的需求。饮料行业创造的低利润率依赖于出色的财务管理。这些仓库由耐用的增强铝制成，Herchenbach可供购买、租赁和租用。他们最大的项目创建了一个临时仓库，可容纳16000多个托盘。
Operations in Warehouses 仓库作业
Operation within a warehouse are an integrated sector of the organisations business strategy. Efficient warehouses operations occur through the excellence of the four categories, being Receiving, Inventory movement, Shipping and lastly warehouse safety (Smallbusiness.chron.com, 2018). When designing the layout for a warehouse we have to evaluate the different operations that will be going on. Also, the organisation needs to develop what strategies are used to fulfil the customer’s needs and gain the competitive advantage as the beverage industry is highly competitive with small financial margins.
仓库内的运营是组织业务战略的一个综合部分。高效的仓库运营通过四个类别的卓越表现而实现，即接收、库存移动、运输，最后是仓库安全。在设计仓库布局时，我们必须评估将要进行的不同操作。此外，由于饮料行业竞争激烈，财务利润率很低，因此组织需要制定哪些策略来满足客户的需求并获得竞争优势。
Capacity Management 容量管理
Capacity is a huge part of the reason why warehouses are successful it establishes planning for determining the production capacity needed by a company in order to meet changing demands. The utilization and effiecny play a major role within capacity management. Within capacity management if you intrinsically tie the organisations business goals and their objectives it is a highly useful tool. The Capacity management within a warehouse can always be constantly improved but the warehouse management must have a understanding of the certain demand of the goods and raw materials in a warehouse.
容量是仓库成功的一个重要原因。它为确定一家公司为了满足不断变化的需求所需的生产能力制定了计划。利用率和效率在容量管理中起着重要作用。在能力管理中，如果你将组织的业务目标与其目标联系在一起，这是一个非常有用的工具。仓库内的容量管理始终可以不断改进，但仓库管理必须了解仓库中货物和原材料的特定需求。
For the effective design and mapping of a company’s warehouse understanding the industry and product demand is vital. This is down to forecasting, which is a way of trying to understand future demand and how much space is needed. Organisation can forecast through the different seasons allowing them the create an estimate, for example more Ice creams to be sold in the summer months or more chilled bervagers to be sold in the summer months. It allows businesses to be prepared for this and to use all the space available to them to meet the consumers demand. If demand cannot be met with full utilisation of the warehouse, outsourcing for the high demand seasons may be an option for the company to invest in. (Slack, Brandon-Jones and Johnston, 2016).
对于公司仓库的有效设计和映射，了解行业和产品需求至关重要。这取决于预测，这是一种试图了解未来需求和需要多少空间的方法。该组织可以预测不同的季节，让他们做出估计，例如，夏季将出售更多的冰淇淋，或者夏季将出售更大数量的冰鲜啤酒。它允许企业为此做好准备，并利用所有可用空间来满足消费者的需求。如果不能充分利用仓库来满足需求，则公司可以选择在高需求季节进行外包。
Within a warehouse there are certain systems that allow the utilisation of space to be maximized. These storage systems are FIFO, the First in First out method, used for goods that have a high demand and short shelf life. It allows the first or oldest stock to be used first to avoid the cost of obsolete inventory. If goods like technology or fashion that have a life cycle don’t move they lose money and go out of date. This type of storage method use commonality used in the beverage industry due to the high volume of goods demanded throughout the country.
在仓库内，有一些系统可以最大限度地利用空间。这些存储系统是先进先出（FIFO），先进先出方法，用于需求量大、保质期短的商品。它允许首先使用第一个或最旧的库存，以避免过时库存的成本。如果有生命周期的商品，如技术或时尚，不移动，就会赔钱并过时。由于全国各地对商品的需求量很大，这种储存方法在饮料行业中使用的是通用的。
The second method of the storage system is the LIFO, Last in first out. This means the last goods to be stocked are the first to be removed from the warehouse. This means different racking types may be used within the last in first out storage method including push back, gravity flow, triple deep and lastly gravity racking
存储系统的第二种方法是后进先出。这意味着最后库存的货物是第一批从仓库中取出的货物。这意味着在后进先出存储方法中可以使用不同的货架类型，包括推回式、重力流式、三重深度和最后重力货架
Warehouse management systems and technology’s 仓库管理系统和技术
The introduction of technology systems and improved technology developments within the last decade have allowed the automation of previously maned jobs and allowing a more efficient work force.
在过去十年中，技术系统的引入和技术的改进发展使以前的人工工作实现了自动化，并使劳动力更加高效。
Warehouse Management systems allow the collection and management of all kinds of data regarding the operations within the company’s warehouse. It allows the organisation to track and obtain vital information regarding the efficiency of the operations in which they complete. (Systems? 2018).
仓库管理系统允许收集和管理与公司仓库内的操作有关的各种数据。它允许组织跟踪并获取有关其完成的运营效率的重要信息。
The selection of the right management system for your warehouse is vital. The beverage and drinks industry currently is still labour intensive even with the introduction of machines like the forklift. Organisation started to turn to fully automated warehouses in order to achieve a less labour intensive or hands on approach. With demand at an all-time high we see the huge increases or alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, meaning a higher rate of distribution as the products need to be moved more efficiently. The introduction of Automated storage and retrieval systems linked with software applications like warehouse execution systems allow lower inventory levels in the organisations warehouse increasing the turnover and profits for the company (Williams, 2017).
为您的仓库选择正确的管理系统至关重要。饮料和饮料行业目前仍然是劳动密集型行业，即使引进了叉车等机器。该组织开始转向全自动化仓库，以实现较低的劳动密集度或动手操作方法。随着需求达到历史最高水平，我们看到酒精饮料和非酒精饮料的大幅增长，这意味着随着产品需要更高效地运输，分销率更高。引入与软件应用程序（如仓库执行系统）相关联的自动存储和检索系统，可以降低组织仓库中的库存水平，提高公司的营业额和利润。
By combining these two systems together it allows the beversge industry to take total control of the inventory in which they have, even if its seasonal slow moving or high demand drinks it creates economical and productive organisation.
通过将这两个系统结合在一起，它使贝弗斯基行业能够完全控制其库存，即使其季节性慢移或高需求的饮料创造了经济高效的组织。 仓库管理系统（WES）显示了对操作、人工和材料搬运的观察，这对有效操作至关重要。这一操作促进了饮料行业的发展，因为它减少了使用几种不同应用程序的需要，从而增加了仓库不必要的复杂性
The WES (warehouse management system) shows the observations of the operations labour and material handling which is vital in an effective operation. This operation has allowed the growth of the beverage industry as it reduces the need to use several different applications which adds to the unnecessary complexity of the warehouse (Williams, 2017)
If an industry doesn’t have applications like WES and AS/RS another highly important piece of machinery is the Forklift. Organisation have to account for everything when it comes to the purchasing of equipment to fit the warehouses layout, maximum height requirement and aisle width. One of the most common technologies found within a warehouse is the Forklift. In order for a forklift to complete a turnabout and shift goods around, it needs about 10 feet to complete the turn. The space that is lost in order to allow a forklift to operate does create lost space within the warehouse, but the machine can lift up to 20 tonnes at a time through it hydraulics system. Within the beverage industry fuel cell forklifts produces little emissions and are often used within refrigerated warehouses. The creation of the forklift has allowed the increase within the efficiency of any warehouse where the machine operates (Brower, Warren, April 2010).
如果一个行业没有WES和AS/RS等应用，另一个非常重要的机械部件就是叉车。在采购设备时，组织必须考虑所有因素，以符合仓库布局、最大高度要求和通道宽度。仓库中最常见的技术之一是叉车。为了让叉车完成转弯并移动货物，需要大约10英尺才能完成转弯。为了让叉车操作而损失的空间确实会在仓库内造成空间损失，但机器通过其液压系统一次最多可提升20吨。在饮料行业中，燃料电池叉车产生的排放很少，通常用于冷藏仓库。叉车的发明提高了机器运行的任何仓库的效率。
The aim of this report was the analyses the current warehouse and inventory systems in operations and to allow a greater insight into the beverage industry. It has allowed a more coherent understanding of the different types of technologies used in the warehouses and has emphasised how important they are in a highly operation warehouse. The seasonal demands create a wide range of orders and it is through the automated warehouse and the application system they use that helps deliver the goods to the consumers in a effiecnt manner. I have learnt the choice of the warehouse the industry picks impact the layout and the type of flow in which it may have. The management in which the organisations choose within the warehouse also greatly the capacity and storage of the resources and the stock systems suited to their warehouse wheate its FIFO or LIFO
report作业目的是分析当前运营中的仓库和库存系统，以便更好地了解饮料行业。它使我们能够更一致地理解仓库中使用的不同类型的技术，并强调了它们在高度运营的仓库中的重要性。季节性需求创造了广泛的订单，正是通过自动化仓库和他们使用的应用系统，帮助以高效的方式向消费者交付货物。我已经了解到，行业选择的仓库会影响布局和流程类型。组织在仓库内进行选择的管理也极大地提高了资源的容量和存储，以及适合其仓库的库存系统，无论是先进先出还是后进先出.
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