代写英语论文-代写英语职称论文-会计英文论文发表，Some of the major problems of consolidated accounting statements
One, the joint-stock restructuring and enterprise restructuring the accounting statement accounting system reference
Joint-stock enterprise restructuring or the listed company intends to purchase, in accordance with the securities laws and regulations, to engage with the securities business qualification of CPA audit, and on this basis the implementation of evaluation. This evolved to five problems:
Evaluation and audit of accounting system benchmark problem. If the original enterprise or be acquired is not limited, then audit accounting system should be the original implementation benchmark enterprise accounting system, or in the future to perform the" enterprise accounting system". Different accounting system reference will lead to different results of net assets. We think, audit accounting system datum is associated with the assessment commissioned by the audit of the different purposes of matching. In the restructuring of enterprises or acquired enterprise assessment audit, should be in accordance with the establishment of a company limited by shares or acquisition of implementation of enterprise accounting system and accounting system as baseline, the redefinition of its financial status and the net assets, in order to facilitate the restructuring of enterprises or the acquisition of enterprises related economic decision.
Accounting adjustment problem. The shareholding system reform of enterprise evaluation results whether Zhang, except state-owned enterprise are related to operating performance is capable of continuous calculation problem. According to the Ministry of Finance issued" on the limited liability company related accounting questions" finance [1998] 16 Regulations, company to purchase other enterprises of all equity, was the purchase of enterprises to retain the qualifications of a legal person, an enterprise shall be the purchase evaluation confirmed the value of Zhang, purchased the loss of enterprises legal entity, company should be purchased enterprise evaluation after confirmation of value accounting. Company to purchase other enterprise's equity, by purchasing book value should remain unchanged.
Accounting adjustment time and initial point. About share-holding system after the reorganization of the assets assessment accounting adjustment, the presence of four date ( date ): evaluate fiducial day, responsible for state-owned asset management departments of the audit date, investment as well as the establishment of a joint stock limited company day. What should determine which date to assess transfer accounts or accounts date (hereinafter referred to as " Zhang date")? China's laws and regulations, the system did not have specific provision.
Evaluate fiducial day is a selected date. Because share-holding system reorganizations for asset evaluation, review, approval and a series of activities may not at the same time, it needs to select a date, which determine the benchmark day. But the evaluation base periodday does not mean that the property unit to determine the will be assets invested company limited by shares. Because the company is not yet established, identified was assessed at baseline and evaluated, only investment activities in the previous work, investment activity is not complete, it should not be identified as adjusting accounts. Responsible for state-owned asset management department in charge of the assets assessment results of the audit, which is on behalf of the government of the assessment results of the monitoring activities. Do not involve property right change assessment items, such as the uniform provisions of the state assets, to state-owned assets management department, can be considered complete a needs assessment items, and to this day as assessed by Zhang date. But if the assessment items relates to changes in property rights, there is the change of property right can be completed, if not complete, has been conducted on the assessment and audit work is meaningless, not to mention the upregulation of accounts. Investment daily because of limited company has not yet been established, each investor to invest on different accounts, investment, still exist uncertainties. Therefore, the share-holding system reorganizations that relates to changes in property rights issues in the assessment of outcome, to be share-holding system to reorganization is completed, the establishment of a joint stock limited company, accounting adjustment or the establishment of new accounts.
Assessment of reference to the establishment of the company to achieve profits between the attributive problem. From rationality to speak, this part of the profit should belong to the original shareholders, shareholders in accordance with the original time of contribution allocation. But according to the China Securities Regulatory Commission issued the recommendations of the Department of comparative advocate, this part of the profit to the old and new shareholders to share, in order to facilitate the practical.
Assessment of value of the two kinds of accounting treatment. For the reorganized into a joint stock limited company to assess the assets of value-added, in accordance with the present Provisions, in the corresponding accounting adjustment, should distinguish the following accounting treatment:
( 1 ) if the company to assess the assets depreciation, amortization is used or when, according to the evaluation after confirmation of value, should be in accordance with the provisions of assess the value of future should pay income tax is included in the" deferred tax credits", credited to " capital reserve balance". In accordance with the regulations on asset depreciation or amortization, use, or a prescribed period to be included in the taxable income, its should pay income tax, debit" deferred tax", credited to "should hand in taxes -- should pay income tax".
( 2 ) if the company in depreciation, according to the original book price provision, evaluating value-added component does not need to calculate the future should pay income tax, should be included in the capital reserve.
In two, the proportion of combined method of consolidated accounting statements
" Enterprise accounting system" the 158th regulation, enterprise in preparing consolidated financial statements, should be combined, joint venture, and in accordance with the proportionate consolidation method of the joint venture's assets and liabilities, income, expenses, profit to be merged. The joint venture, refers to two or more parties engaged in a common control economic activity, including the common control business, jointly controlled assets and jointly controlled entities, from contract to establish common control. In the consolidated financial statements, the company shall adopt proportional consolidation of the joint venture's assets, liabilities, income and expenses of the share and the consolidated financial statements of the same or similar projects itemized merge; another method is in consolidated accounting statements presented as a separate item in its share of the joint venture 's assets, liabilities, income and expenses share. For example, the joint venture company liquid assets accounted for the share consolidation liquid assets as part of the reflected alone, the joint venture company fixed assets share as part of the assets of consolidated financial statements shall reflect individual. Two way of report of results, the combined net profit and assets, liabilities, owners' equity, revenues and expenses in each kind of amount is exactly the same. Here need to discuss is how to understand the meaning, common control.
In three, with the object of several special problems
The Ministry of Finance issued the" Interim Provisions" of consolidated accounting statements accounting word [1995] 11 date specified in the consolidated financial statements, the combined object has two: one is the parent company has more than half of its equity capital to be invested enterprises; two is the other parent company under the control of the enterprise. Here there is a logical paradox, that is the parent company has more than half of its equity capital, but was not the parent company under the control of the enterprise is merged or without?
In practice, there are the following circumstances we often meet, is worth discussing:
The subsidiary wholly-owned subsidiary. Wholly owned subsidiary as part of the parent, or as a combined object? As everyone knows, a wholly owned subsidiary of the "company law" is free at the outside of a corporate enterprise. From a legal form, should be combined with the object, because after all, independent subsidiary of parent company, are two different legal subject; essentially, a wholly owned subsidiary and branch no essential difference, after merging with no minority interests, no minority stockholder, and consolidated properties appear to exist contradiction. We think, a wholly owned subsidiary of should be combined with object processing.
The middle branch restructuring for the subsidiary. Branch year intermediate restructuring to become affiliates ( not a wholly owned subsidiary of consolidated financial statements ), the beginning of the period number should not be adjusted, that is the parent company at the beginning of the period still includes the branch, in order to maintain the authenticity of the report.
Year the branch into a subsidiary company. Shall as a combined object, from the parent company forms for reporting statistics underline, included in the final consolidated statements. Subsidiaries in the middle of a year at the beginning of the term of liquidation, the consolidated scope change, the final consolidated scope does not include the subsidiary.
Subsidiary for construction enterprise. Subsidiary for lease to operate the enterprise, as well as subsidiary is entrusted with the operation of enterprises. These three kinds of enterprises in the contract period, leasing period or the operating period, because of the risks and rewards have been transferred to the other side, corresponding to the operating and financial decisions by other executive control, therefore in preparing consolidated financial statements, the parent company will have more than 50% of equity capital of the above three categories the enterprise out of the consolidated scope. Therefore, enterprises in the accounting statement of consolidated accounting statements shall be disclosed in detail in policy.
In four, the consolidated scope change
The report at the beginning of the year adjustment according to the Ministry of Finance issued" corporation accounting system accounting treatment issues related to problem solving" Supplementary Provisions accounting word [1999] 49 date, originally included in the scope of consolidation of subsidiaries due to a change of circumstances ( such as the sale of shares, reduction etc.) not included in the 1999 year of consolidated accounting statement within the 1999 year, in the preparation of consolidated accounting statements, should adjust the 1999 annual consolidated accounting statement at the beginning of the year, the consolidated financial statements of the subsidiaries of the relevant data from the beginning of the year number deduct. Therefore, not involving the merger scope changes and tracing adjustment problem. The original is not included in the scope of consolidation of subsidiaries, due to the increase in the proportion of investment and other reasons and incorporated into the 1999 year of consolidated accounting statement scope, should be in accordance with its subsidiaries according to the supplementary provisions retroactive adjustment after the preparation of the consolidated accounting statements accounting statements as the basis, and the annual adjustment of 1999 consolidated accounting statement at the beginning of the year. The year 1999 new purchased and incorporated into the scope of consolidated accounting statement within the company, the subsidiary shall be according to the supplementary provisions retroactive adjustment after the preparation of the consolidated accounting statements accounting statements as the basis, but does not need to adjust the 1999 annual consolidated financial statements of the.
The file specified in the three processing methods of the theory is different. The first and second conditions, namely increase stake changes caused by the final consolidated accounting statements scope changes, to report at the beginning of the period number and aperture adjustment, is about the statements of the comparability, the authenticity of the report in second; in third cases, i.e., the purchase of new merge causes the final merger accounting statement of scope change, to report the beginning of the period number does not make the same diameter adjustment, is about the authenticity of the report, the report of the comparability of the second. We believe that, whatever the situation caused by the consolidated scope changes, report the beginning of the period number should be in accordance with the principles of authenticity are compiled, and in the statements notes as appropriate disclosure. From the reality, comparability will lose its meaning.
In five, a subsidiary of foreign investment enterprise, the employee bonus and welfare fund in the consolidated financial statements to reflect
Profit allocation of foreign invested enterprises have a special project, namely the employee bonus and welfare fund. It is from the enterprise net profit is extracted, not shareholders reflect, but classified as liabilities. But the business accounting system and enterprise accounting system" and" not this project. In the preparation of corporate consolidated balance sheet, the employee bonus and welfare fund balance and the payable welfare fee items reflect. In the consolidated profit and profit distribution statement, extraction of staff incentive and welfare fund, the parent company did not perform the" enterprise accounting system", there are three approaches: one is the employee bonus and welfare fund to the management cost item; two is in the net profit before income tax is added " subsidiary extracted staff award and welfare fund " project report; three is in the profit available for distribution under the item of" additional subsidiary extraction of staff incentive and welfare fund " project report. These methods are acceptable, but shall keep the continuity of the practice. The parent company of implementation of" enterprise accounting system", in accordance with the" enterprise accounting system" rules, namely in the consolidated profit and profit distribution statement, in the statutory surplus reserve, extracting the statutory public welfare fund, single staff bonus and welfare fund item. Note that, regardless of the method, the parent company in using the equity method of accounting for long-term investment income, should eliminate subsidiary staff bonus and welfare fund according to the proportion of equity accounting determine.
The Ministry of Finance on November 19, 2001 issued the" implementation of the accounting regulations for enterprises with foreign investment" provisions on the relevant issues of accounting [2001 ] 62 date. The file points out clearly, from January 1, 2002 onwards, foreign-funded enterprises' implementation of" enterprise accounting system", therefore, the problem will be with the" enterprise accounting system" carry out in the round die.
Six, consolidated price difference and the equity investment difference
Long term equity investment project notes to classification is disclosed at the beginning of the period, at the end of the book balance of book value, depreciation and. Investment projects include the classification of investments in subsidiaries, joint ventures, joint investment of enterprise investment and other equity investment, this format requirements applicable to the consolidated and parent reports of long-term equity investment project to annotate. But the two specific connotation and related data are different. Consolidated statement of long-term equity investments in subsidiaries investment refers to the consolidated financial statement outside the scope of the investment in subsidiaries and consolidated financial statements of the subsidiaries investment difference, do not include to have been incorporated in the consolidated statements subsidiaries have combined offset investment share. Parent reports of long-term equity investment project refers to the parent company itself directly external long-term equity investments, including both into the consolidated scope of investments in subsidiaries, including not included in the consolidated scope of investment in subsidiary. The relation between them, by the following formula:
Consolidated statement of long-term equity investment in the total number of investments in subsidiaries and parent reports of long-term equity investments in subsidiaries of the total number of note: the above formula" equal to ", is included in the combined statements in the context of the long-term equity investment project net assets is zero or negative circumstances.
Consolidated statement of equity investment difference corresponding to the investment project scope, than the parent reports of equity investment difference corresponding to the small ( since incorporated into the scope of the combined statements of long term equity investment such as equity investment difference, in the consolidated financial statements have been classified as" amalgamative price " project report ). But each equity investment difference may be a debit balance, there may be a credit balance, from the amount of reflection, consolidated equity investment difference total numbers are likely to be greater than, equal to or less than the parent company forms for reporting statistics the number of equity investment difference. Should therefore be considered specific situation analysis and judgment.
In the consolidated financial statements in the long-term equity investment equity investment and other equity investment notes, an investment project listed shareholding ratio and the proportion of registered capital if there is more than 50%, which should be consolidated and did not report situation, should the investment project has not been incorporated into the scope of the combined statements of cause and reason, in order to eliminate the users of accounting statements to reading comprehension on the misunderstanding and the logical flaw.
Seven, insolvent subsidiaries, excess deficit accounting and reporting reflects
According to the current" enterprise accounting system"," enterprise accounting standards -- investment" and" the Ministry of Finance on the insolvent company consolidated financial statement issues from the reply" ( Accounting [1999 ] No. 10), the parent company to confirm the holding subsidiary company loss," equity book value is reduced to zero.";. The company 's investment losses over its investment part ( excess deficit ) no longer recognized, it has confirmed the investee's losses, in preparing consolidated financial statements, can in the consolidated balance sheet" undistributed profits" project with" unaffirmed investment loss" project, and in the consolidated profit statement" the rights of minority shareholders" project" and added: unaffirmed investment loss " project to reflect.
And" International Accounting Standards No. twenty-seventh -- consolidated financial statements and accounting for investments in subsidiaries (" China financial and Economic Publishing House, 2000 July Edition ) the twenty-seventh stipulation:" in the merged subsidiary, attributable to the minority equity losses, may exceed the subsidiary rights in the minority. Excess and belong to the minority of further losses, except for a minority stake should comply with obligations under the cover, and has the ability to compensate for the part, shall be deducted a majority stake. If the child after the company reported profits, in the majority assumes a minority stake all make up for loss, all profits belong to the majority."
The parent company of excess deficit subsidiary limited long-term investment to reduce it to zero, consistent with the" company law" and the present accounting system, accounting standards. Therefore, under normal circumstances shall follow this processing method. But should realise at the same time, in the insolvent subsidiaries continued operating circumstances, this approach also has some drawbacks, causes the parent company forms for reporting statistics total profit, net profit increase, which may cause profit of over distribution of danger, to mislead users of accounting statements, and also difficult to truly reflect the company, fair the financial condition and results of operations. This disadvantage, when excess deficit is huge, especially apparent.
In order to be more cautious, fairly reflect the financial position and operating results, for accounting report users a comprehensive understanding of the company's financial conditions and operating results, we believe that, when the holding subsidiary company excess deficit is large, there is no evidence of the minority shareholder has the obligation, the intention and have the ability to compensate for the excess of loss, the enterprise can draw lessons from international guidelines for practice, all assume subsidiary excess deficit part. Especially the tremendous amount of excess loss, more appropriate uses this approach. But in view of the practice and the current financial accounting system inconsistent, therefore, the CPA should be brought to the company in the accounting statements of other important matters to disclose this information, at the same time according to the amount and level of importance, whether it should in the audit report to increase the explanatory notes to reflect.
In eight, during the fiscal year to buy a subsidiary to holding proportion of investment income accounting and the consolidated profit statement reflected
In actual work, there are two ways: one is called the law, namely in the consolidated profit statement included in subsidiary were acquired throughout the fiscal year profit and loss, and then subtracted from the purchase of a profit, calculated from the parent company share. Another called the annual law, namely in the consolidated profit statement only included in current profit or loss after purchase subsidiary in the profit and loss section.
Use two kinds method to calculation of consolidated net profit is the same. But each has advantages and disadvantages. The first method is an objective for the subsequent year income compared to provide a rational basis, but the presence of enlarged part of the revenue, cost and expense of suspicion, statements need additional items reflecting; under the second methods, the consolidated profit statement cannot be directly used to predict the company's future income and expenses, but truthfully reflect after the acquisition of the combined performance. " International Accounting Standards No. twenty-seventh -- consolidated financial statements and accounting for investments in subsidiaries" twenty-third pointed out:" subsidiary operating results from the date of purchase, incorporated in the consolidated financial statements. ... ... In order to ensure that the financial statements in each financial period comparable, usually need to provide about the purchase and disposal of subsidiaries to report on the financial condition of the reporting period, operating results of the impact, as well as on the previous corresponding amount effect of supplementary information." From this, we think, second methods are more desirable. Also in notes to the accounting statements related to increase comparability of data.
In nine, partial purchase made by the holding subsidiary company investment income accounting and the consolidated profit statement reflected
If the parent company subsidiary company has the following at the beginning of 50% ownership, belong to according to the equity method of accounting is not consolidated range, in the middle of a year on the company has more than 50% equity, belong to according to the equity method accounting and consolidated range, resulting in two accounting methods: ( 1) subsection, i.e. without made more than 50% control before, according to the equity method of 代写会计英语论文accounting, is not consolidated, after this, according to the equity method of accounting and consolidated financial statements. ( 2) batch purchase method, namely according to the equity method and the proportion of equity in batch purchase purchase before and after the calculation of return on investment, and the first time since the date of purchase of consolidated accounting statements.
For example, the parent company of 1 ~ June subsidiary holding ratio of 35%, 7 to 55% in December. According to the segmenting method, is the first half of the year by 35% percentage of parent company investment income, not consolidated statements, do not produce minority stockholder concept; and the second half of 55%, according to the proportion of investment income, and merge the report, from minority interests. According to the batch purchase, according to the law is the first half of 35%, the proportion of the second half of 55% the proportion of partial computation purchase before and after the investment income, and from the first date of purchase of consolidated financial statements. In this case, it may be most of the rights and interests of minority shareholders. The resulting two statements reflect different amounts, but net profit. There is the focus of the problem is the beginning of the period number of consolidated financial statements from the date of purchase or from holding the date. This is still uncertain, remain to be discussed further.
In ten, the same name accounts statements reflecting
/Items of the accounting statements of the same name linked accounts ( such as accounts receivable and accounts payable, other receivables and other payable, accounts receivable and prepayments ) whether according to net of the offset, depends on the specific circumstances. If each hanging accounts with the same account name sum properties of the same, according to the offset net of; if the nature is different, can not offset each other, should be fully reflect.
Enterprise accounts receivable loan ( or domestic commercial invoice discounting ), belongs to the banks and other financial institutions ( FCI ) to provide domestic factoring business, some of the relevant agreement may specify accounts receivable transferred to the factoring business. If the account receivable the final risk did not completely transfer, can be identified as, which is a special financing business, is essentially to accounts receivable as collateral loan. For a comprehensive, truly reflect the financial status and business process, accounts receivable shall continue to be fully reflect, also reflect the borrower amount. If the relevant provisions in the agreement, the accounts receivable risk transfer completely finally, then should be taken to reflect the net method.