Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 The Signiflcance of the Thesis
For more than 30 years，linguists such as Ge Chuangui (1980)，Xie Zhijun(1995), LiWenzhong(1993)，Zhang Peicheng(1995)，Jiang Yajun(1995)，Luo Yimzhi (1998) havestudied China English from different angles, but their emphases are laid on its definition,pronunciation, and vocabulary. The researches done on the role of English in cross-culturalcommunication are far from adequate. How China English functions in cross-culturalcommunication. Whether China English can promote communication efficiency incross-cultural communication? These have rarely been discussed before.Cross-cultural communication is communication between people whose culturalperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter communication events. As theworld evolves into a global village, cross-cultural communication takes on greaterimportance. Translation as a form of cross-cultural communication deserves examinationfrom cross-cultural communication.Guided by cross-cultural communication theories, this thesis puts China English in thecontext of translation to study its communication efficiency. The general theory ofcommunication efficiency is applied to the translation field and is redefined, for therearen't such theories or evaluation of communication efficiency of translation..
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1.2 The Structure of the Thesis
This thesis will be divided into six chapters. Chapter One serves as an introduction. Ittells the significance and structure of the thesis. Chapter Two is dedicated to literary review,discussing how the study of China English has evolved and how the study on translation incross-cultural communication has developed. A brief review will also be given on the studyon the comparison of the English versions of Hong Lou Meng. Chapter Three justifies theadoption of China English in cross-cultural communication from theoretical angles. Therelationship between language and culture，the current inequality in cross-culturalcommunication in China and the English linguistic imperialism all necessitate ChinaEnglish in cross-cultural communication. Chapter Four introduces the English translationof Hong Lou Meng and studies their communication efficiency. In Chapter Five, examplesfrom versions of Hong Lou Meng English translation are given to distinguish ChinaEnglish from Stadnard English and to make the point that China English is efficient intranslation. And Chapter Six is the conclusion of this thesis. This chapter will be divided into three parts. One includes the development of ChinaEnglish and academic achievement in the field of China English. One is about the newapproach that has emerged in recent years to study translation from cross-culturalcommunication perspective. The other is a brief review on the study on the comparison ofthe two English versions of Hong Lou Meng.
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Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 The Study on China English
To discuss China English，the concept of "World Englishes" cannot be bypassed."World Englishes” is a term for the emerging localized varieties of English, especially thevarieties that have been developed in the former colonies of the United Kingdom or theUnited States. The emergence of "Word Englishes" is the result of “English globalizationand localization. The study of "World Englishes” consists of identifying varieties ofEnglish used in diverse sociolinguistic contexts globally and analyzing how sociolinguistichistories, multicultural backgrounds and contexts influence the use of English in differentregions of the world. Represented by Braj Kachru in the 1980s, a group of linguisticsconsidered English varieties in historic and political context. Kachru(1983) chose IndiaEnglish as his subject of study, publishing Indianization of English: the English Languagein India. His work pushed forward the study of English as a second/foreign languagetremendously and the popular disapprobation on English varieties has started to change. In1988，the International Committee of the Study of World Englishes (ICWE) was formed. In1992，the ICWE formally launched the International Association for World Englishes(lAWE) at a conference of "World Englishes Today"，at the University of Illinois, USA.There is now an academic journal devoted to the study of World Englishes, titled WorldEnglishes, In 1990s，another breakthrough has been made by Alastair Pennycook( 1994)and A. Suresh Canagarajah( 1999). They both noticed that the hegemonism andcolonizationism behind the scheme of British and American government's endeavor forpromoting Standard English.
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2.2 The Study on Translation in Cross-cultural Communication
The idea of studying translation in cross-cultural communication was brought up byJin Huikang(2002) in his book Translation in Cross-cultural communication. In this book,he argued that translation is not merely an exchange of symbols in texts, but a way tospread culture. Chinese-English translation should help the rest of the world know aboutChina and Chinese culture. In 2004，he published a sequel on translation in Cross-culturalcommunication giving examples using China English from Chinese pop culture translationto ancient Chinese poem translation. He argued in Chapter Four that China English is thebridge between Chinese civilization and the world, urging translators to employ ChinaEnglish in Chinese-English translating. Wang Chuhua(2005) suggested when translating,one should take into consideration the cross-cultural communication elements. CaoRuiming(2006) thought that cultural differences reflected in different languages should becomprehended correctly. The phenomenon that borrowing words from Chinese enters intoEnglish demonstrates the tendency of cultural integration among different cultures. HouMeng(2008) dedicated his thesis of master degree to the study of translation incross-cultural communication, he consented to use the theories in cross-culturalcommunication to judge the quality of translation works.
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Chapter 3 The Necessities of China English in Cross-cultural Communication........ 9
3.1 The Relationship between Language and Culture........ 9
3.2 The Phenomena of Inequality in Cross-cultural Communication........ 12
3.3 Applied Linguistic Theories in Cross-cultural Communication........ 17
Chapter 4 Communication Efficiency of the English Translation of Hong Lou Meng........lO
4.1 A Brief Introduction to the English Translation of Hong Lou Meng........ 20
4.2 Communication Efficiency Evaluation ........21
4.3 Communication Efficiency of the English Translation of Hong Lou Meng........ 23
Chapter 5 Comparison between the Two Versions of English IVanslation........ 25
5.1 Comparison between Translation Styles of Hong Lou Meng........ 25
5.2 Communication Efficiency of China English on Lexical Level........ 27
5.3 Communication Efficiency of China English on Sentence Level........ 36
5.4 Communication Efficiency of China English on Discourse Level........ 42
Chapter 5 Comparison between the Two Versions of English Translation of HongLou Meng
5.1 Comparison on Translation Styles of Hong Lou Meng
Language choices are different in the two translation works. In general，Hawkes'wording is authentic English, and Yang's China English. The reason for the difference isthat Yang and Hawkes differed in cultural background and translation strategies. Thefolio wings are the comparison of their translating features: Yang Xianyi insisted that translators be loyal to authors' emotion and respect authors'creational works. The job of translators is to convey the authors thought to the readers andnot to recreate the work as if working as the authors assistants. On the premise of loyalty tothe original works，translators need to guarantee the coherence of the translation work sothat the readers of the target language can understand it.On the other hand，Hawkes added extra explanation about culture, history, hiddenovertone and implications indicated by the author. His total words are 20% more thanYang's. For the sake of foreign readers, he recreated it to make them understand better.
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Conclusion
China English came into being in the course of intercultural communication. The coreof it is normative English. It is influenced by Chinese culture, and used to express stuffunique to China. It is apprehensible and acceptable on the global stage.The communication efficiency of China English in translation of Hong Lou Meng isthe subject of this thesis. Two versions of Hong Lou Meng's English translation offer anopportunity to evaluate the communication efficiency of China English, since the twoversions are translated by four masters from both England and China: David Hawkes andJohn Minford and Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang. In general, the communication efficiencyof the two books has been proved by its long-lasting popularization. Efficientcommunication in translation means the readers get what the author means in the originalbook. From the translators' perspective, that is to say, the translators are loyal to theoriginal text and guarantee the readers' apprehensibility of the work. The study focuses onlanguage of the translation works to assess of the loyalty and evaluate the communicationefficiency.
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