2000字项目管理essay代写范文—逆向物流流程，本文是一篇留学生管理专业的Essay写作格式参考范文，为符合顾客要求，对原材料、在制品库存、成品和相关信息从产地到消费地的高效率、成本效益的流动进行计划、实施和控制的过程。物流是由物流管理委员会定义的。以下是项目管理学essay范例写作的全部内容，是一篇符合国外大学Essay写作格式要求的范文，供参考。
Definitions定义
“The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements.” Logistics is defined by The Council of Logistics Management
What is Reverse Logistics?什么是逆向物流?
We refer to the term “reverse logistics” as all activity associated with a product/service after the point of sale, the ultimate goal is to optimize or make more efficient aftermarket activity, thus saving money and environmental resources.
As equally as Logistics deal with the set of events that move the product to customer, the reverse process moves the product at least on step back in the supply chain. The objective is to regain the value or proper disposal, when the product returns in the opposite direction. The sold goods get returned due to improper quality control measures leading to damage, recalls, hazardous materials and obsolescence.,
It involves collection, transportation disposal of returned , damaged /surplus goods through reuse, resale, or repair.
Importance Of Reverse Logistics.
Reverse logistics responsiveness and quality has a direct & a positive effect on the companies’ economic performance. Companies have to accept returns in the shape of products or materials as a legal obligation. As organizations offer warranty along with sale of items, and to minimize the cost of warranty and sale price, the reversals become inevitable for sustaining customer satisfaction and quality assurance. The closer the company is to the end customer, the greater the size and scope of reverse logistics issues. .The worldwide legislations on hazardous materials (WEEE and ROHS), demand reverse logistics for repairables.
逆向物流响应能力和质量对企业的经济绩效有直接和积极的影响。作为一种法律义务，企业必须接受产品或材料形式的退货。当组织在销售产品的同时提供保修，并尽量减少保修成本和销售价格，为了保持客户满意度和质量保证，逆转成为不可避免的。企业与终端客户的距离越近，逆向物流问题的规模和范围就越大，世界各国对危险品(WEEE和ROHS)的立法要求对维修品进行逆向物流。
Size Of Reverse Logistics逆向物流规模
It is difficult to estimate the cost in Reverse logistics management as many companies do not have systems to estimate. Research says it is around 4% of the cost of logistics, based on a survey sample..
Return Percentages回报百分比
The reverse logistics process can be divided into two categories depending on the areas of reverse flow which in turn comprises of primary products, or primary of packaging. A Company has varied disposal options to choose once a product has been returned.
The company looks primarily to return it to the supplier for a full refund.
In case of goods not used may be resold to a different customer or at an outlet store.
If goods do not meet required quality levels, then it may be sold to a salvage company that will export the goods to a foreign market.
Common Reverse Logistics Activities : Activites that comprise of reverse logistics include:, Refurbishing, Recycling , landfill, repackaging, returns processing and salvaging
Key Reverse Logistics Management Elements
Gatekeeping
Compacting Disposition Cycle Time
Reverse Logistics Information Systems
Centralized Return Centers
Zero Returns
Remanufacture and Refurbishment
Asset Recovery
Negotiation
Financial Management
Outsourcing
Strategic Use Of Reverse Logistics
The strategic usage of Reverse logistics among the retailers and wholesalers is to reduce the risk of buying products that may not be hot selling items.
In some industries goods are distributed with the understanding that retuning the goods for credit is allowed if they are not sold. This encourages retailers to carry a huge stock thereby shifting the risk of having unsold goods (obsolescence) goes to the company. The retail seller at the nearest reach to the customer exploits the situation ordering a huge consignment and resulting in heavy returning.
在一些行业中，商品的销售是有这样一种理解的，即如果商品未售出，则允许退货以获得信贷。这鼓励零售商持有大量库存，从而转移未售出商品(过时)的风险到公司。离客户最近的零售商利用这种情况订购了大量的货物，导致大量退货。
An example of the strategic use of returns in the market is the sale of newspapers and magazines, and the sellers carry more stock for a considerable incentive.
By doing this the reseller were allowed to return the goods within the stipulated time frame. This facilitated the customers to the inventory low and purchase things in time.
Every business aims to lock the customers in and not to opt for to another supplier. There are many ways developed by the supplier to link themselves to the customers not to switch to another supplier. One important service that a supplier can offer to his customer is the ability to accept the defective goods immediately and refund the amount timely. Every retailer needs to have a strategic vision of the logistics in order for him stand updated in the market.
The retailer in business of electronic toys can easily get off business if they do not have the knowledge or vision of reversal logistics. Several surveys have estimated that a larger part of the profit was due to the improvised strategies.
How An Effective Strategy Can Be Developed:如何制定有效的策略:
The best methodology for an effective reverse logistics to be framed and implemented would be working on the existing process in the business. The traceability and quality management system will identify goods timely and correctly outlining the features of a product in details and the reasons of defect with a solution of a product when returned.
The reverse logistics process can be managed through a tailored program called Enterprise resource planning system. A tailored ERP system can provide varied information related to the returned inventory. It can give the number of returns from the customer, identify the reasons of the returned goods, check the course action to be taken and deal with the product and allocate resources in dealing with the product.
An ERP system, equipped with robust processes, should be sufficient to manage its reverse logistics strategy.
The other crucial aspect in reverse logistics is the concept of collaboration. It works efficiently with a effective collaboration involving a larger visibility. Sharing of information, supporting integrated decision making should be a vital feature of the collaboration. Constant communication and shared processes with a common vision should be practiced for a successful designing and implementation of Reverse Logistics.
逆向物流的另一个关键方面是协作的概念。它通过包含较大可见性的有效协作有效地工作。共享信息，支持综合决策应该是协作的一个重要特征。为了逆向物流的成功设计和实现，应该实践具有共同愿景的持续沟通和共享过程。
This has become a integral part of any business in day to day life which may results in many benefits to the company. Every retailer, manufacturers and producers need to create the necessity of reviewing the logistics followed. They can work on their existing systems that trying to find ready made solutions.
The companies have developed various simple and effective strategies for running a successful Business.
The various steps or factors involved while defining at effective reverse logistics
Security
Shipping and Receiving
Labour
The Return Policy
Inspect Returns
Assign Disposition
Real Examples or Practical Examples of Effective Reverse Logistic.
Reverse logistics is also applied for a different non-commercial cause and used for a reason of charity or gain a mileage augmenting advertisement returns. Such donations get a goodwill to a company and act as a substitute for ads .Henna Anderson Co s Hannadowns campaign retrieves used clothes from the customers and gives an offer on the new purchases. The returned clothes reach the less-privileged ones.
逆向物流也适用于不同的非商业原因，用于慈善或增加广告回报的里程。这样的捐赠会给公司带来好感，并充当广告的替代品。henna Anderson公司的hannadown活动从顾客那里回收旧衣服，并对新购买的衣服提供优惠。退回来的衣服会送到较贫困的人手里。
As a second example, Kenneth Cole Productions makes offers to customers returning old shoes and given away to the needy. Nike shreds the retrieved old shoes and converts them into basketball courts and tracks.
Business Implications业务影响
Despite the costs, companies do accept returned goods, with original receipt or a fees, as Returns Management is an important strategic tool in a competitive environment. Return policies are in place to influence purchase decision of a customer.
Return management is a strategy similar to reverse logistics involving a decision on how the return will be dispositioned. When returns are a liability and restrictions are too many in land filling, then disposal is a less attractive option.
Difficulties Of Reverse Logistics逆向物流的困境
Companies budget for what is known as “Brand Equity” – to attach an image to products and can not afford to reduce the value of primary investment , by having their product appear in a flea market.
The difference in the objective of the manufactures and retailers exists due to the different strategies followed in managing returns.
For Eg, In case a retailer wants to return a good to the manufacturer and he would disagree for varied reasons as follows:
Condition of the item,Value of the item and the promptness.
The assumption by the retailer for returns sent back in pure , pristine conditions and any damages must have occurred in transit or must be manufacturing defects, leads to criss cross of purposes.
The inefficiency of the reverse logistics is indicated by the amount of returns inventory being held in the warehouse and clearly denotes the way the firm is handling returns.
Unfortunately, some symptoms that cannot be identified and observed are as below. These have been defined by Dr. Dawe.
For most firms processing returns is not a priority.Focus is on new generated products revenue and returns received are in more number to the processing or disposal.
Declined value of the returns due to obsolescence (computers , fashion ware).
Company policies making it difficult to handle returns as the “junk” damages quality products.
Conclusion结论
First, develop strong reverse logistics strategies. Second, clearly outline financial, corporate, branding, marketing and other objectives. Treat it as another business; and not a simple operation. Give it goals, give it objectives, give it resources, give it executives and let it be part of the “Lifecycle” design for your products and your customers.
第一，制定强有力的逆向物流战略。其次，明确勾勒出财务、企业、品牌、营销等目标。把它当作另一项业务;这不是一个简单的操作。给它目标，给它目标，给它资源，给它执行者，让它成为产品和客户“生命周期”设计的一部分。
References参考文献
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