旅游管理学essay范文——不同类型的可持续旅游，本文是一篇留学生管理专业的Essay写作格式参考范文。劳认为，旅游业已经成为世界上最大、最具影响力的产业之一。它为环境、社会和文化创造了不可估量的价值。(引用于Seldjan和Donald, 2009)但与此同时，旅游业作为一种特色产业，在社会文化和环境方面有其自身的罪恶感和破坏性影响(Opperman和Chon, 1997，引用于Nevenka, 2002)。随着全球对可持续发展的重视，越来越多的旅游研究关注可持续旅游。虽然可持续发展的详细讨论是困难的，但为了了解可持续旅游的观点正在出现，并可以制定出有用的战略，未来的旅游发展在目的地地区(Hunter,2002)。以下是管理学essay范例写作的全部内容，是一篇符合国外大学Essay写作格式要求的范文，供参考。
Law thinks that Tourism has become one of the largest and most influential industries in the world. It has created inestimable value for the environment, societies and cultures.(as cited in Seldjan and Donald, 2009) But at the same time, tourism as an characteristic industry has its own guilt and damaging effects in socio-cultural and environmental terms(Opperman and Chon, 1997 as cited in Nevenka, 2002). With the global emphasis on sustainable development, a growing proportion of the tourism research has paid attention on the sustainable tourism. Although a detailed discussion of sustainability is difficult, but in order to understand the views are emerging of sustainable tourism now, and can work out useful strategies about the future development of tourism at destination areas.(Hunter,2002)
The aim of this essay is through understanding the definition and discussing different types of sustainable tourism(ST) to find new approach and make new strategy to achieve ST. This paper begins with the interpretations of the concept of sustainable development(SD) and definition of ST. Then will discuss the fundamental information of Tourism, for example the two types of it. Final step is to require recommended strategies and approaches.
本文的目的是通过对可持续旅游的定义的理解和对不同类型可持续旅游的探讨，找到实现可持续旅游的新途径和新策略。本文首先对可持续发展的概念和可持续旅游的定义进行了解释，然后对旅游的基本信息进行了讨论，例如两种类型的可持续旅游。最后一步是需要推荐的策略和方法。
Sustainable Development可持续发展
As the World Commission on Environment and Development’s Report(WCED), the definition of SD is “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. ” It involves within it two key concepts, the first is to meet the needs of the world’s poor priority. The second is strictly limit the status quo of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability in order to meet the needs in present and future. Debate has described such correlative important concepts as: SD needs to seize the opportunity to satisfy their desire to make life better; At least SD must not jeopardize the nature systems that provide resources for life on Earth; SD requires that the rate of consumption of non-renewable resources should reduce as few future options as possible; SD must protect the plant and animals species and reduce the adverse impacts on water and the quality of air in order to maintain the overall integrity of the ecosystem. (Geneva, 1987) Turner argued that Interpretation of SD can be divided into the range from “very strong” to “very weak”. (as cited in Hunter, 1997) There are four major SD positions and two key issues of debate are selected for elaboration. Weak sustainability positions highlight the possibility of capital substitution and the strength of the technical process to to alleviate resource consumption and pollution problems. Strong sustainability positions Recognize the main value of the maintenance of ecosystem function and integrity through human resources. (Hunter, 1997)
世界环境与发展委员会的报告(WCED)对可持续发展的定义是:“可持续发展是既满足当代人的需要，又不损害后代人满足他们自己需要的能力的发展。”它涉及两个关键概念，第一个是满足世界贫困人口的需要。二是严格限制技术和社会组织对环境能力的现状，以满足现在和未来的需求。争论描述了相关的重要概念:可持续发展需要抓住机会，满足他们让生活更美好的愿望;至少可持续发展不能危及为地球生命提供资源的自然系统;可持续发展要求不可再生资源的消耗率应尽可能减少未来的选择;可持续发展必须保护动植物物种，减少对水和空气质量的不利影响，以维持生态系统的整体完整性。(Geneva, 1987) Turner认为，对SD的解释可以分为“非常强”到“非常弱”。(如Hunter, 1997)有四个主要的可持续发展立场和两个关键的辩论问题被选择来阐述。可持续性薄弱的立场突出了资本替代的可能性和技术过程缓解资源消耗和污染问题的力量。认识到通过人力资源维护生态系统功能和完整性的主要价值。(亨特,1997)
Sustainable tourism可持续发展的旅游
With the popularization of the concept of sustainable development in the WCED, the same as other industries and fields of academic research, sustainable tourism also responded to the concept of sustainable development. World Tourism Organization expressed sustainable tourism simply as “Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.” Sustainability principles related to environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, these three areas is important to constitute a suitable balance in order to assure its long-term sustainability. So ST should :
take full advantage of environmental resources to maintain essential ecological processes and the protection of natural heritage and biodiversity, which is the key factor in sustainable tourism development.
Respect for the authenticity of the socio-cultural and protect their original culture and traditional values while promoting inter-cultural understanding and tolerance.
Ensure economic long-term operation for an equitable distribution of socio-economic benefit to all stakeholders. Benefit include stable employment, opportunities of income earing and social services. At same time contribute to the poor area. (unwto, 2012)
ST as shortened descriptors to two variants-‘light green’ (LG) and ‘dark green’ (DG) by Hunter(2002). Under normal circumstances, these two variants are applicable to different levels, from the individual business up to a national tourism development plan or policy statement. People adhere to the DG just like students are more interested in ecology, geography and the environmental sciences in the school, and are likely to represent views from cautionary or knowledge-based perspectives by Jafari (1989). And advocates of LG just like students who only focus on use which natural resources can get benefit, and are likely to express views from advocate and adaptancy perspectives by Jafari (1989). (Hunter, 2002)
ST是两种变体的缩写——“浅绿色”(LG)和“深绿色”(DG)，由Hunter(2002)设计。在正常情况下，这两种变体适用于不同的层次，从个人业务到国家旅游发展计划或政策声明。人们坚持DG，就像学生对学校的生态、地理和环境科学更感兴趣一样，他们可能代表Jafari(1989)提出的警示性观点或基于知识的观点。LG的倡导者就像学生一样，只关注自然资源能得到好处的使用，很可能从倡导者和适应角度(倡导者和适应角度，Jafari(1989))表达观点。(亨特,2002)
An example of sustainable tourism is around Rimini, Italy and Calvia, Spain. It is a Life Environment project. Its called ‘Strategies and Tools for Sustainable Tourism in Mediterranean Coastal Areas.’ After almost four million tourists descend each year, their beaches and the destinations are search for associate economic and social aspects to respect the environment. This project has three actions include:
A comprehensive strategy for the management of coastal areas in mass tourism destinations.
Help private operators improve environment performance.
Enhance tourist and tour operator consciousness on environmental issues. (sustainabletourism, 2012)
Mass tourism and Alternative tourism大众旅游和另类旅游
There are two key forms in ST that are Mass tourism(MT) and Alternative tourism(AT). Vanhove argue that Mass tourism is a lot of people enjoy traveling in the same place, which is its first feature. The term “mass tourism” means that the holiday is standardized, rigidly packaged and inflexible (as cited in Julien) Mass tourism has dominated the entire tourism industry for many years, more and more negative impacts of environment, people began to pay attention to a new form of tourism-alternative tourism. Increase interest in alternative tourism is also weaken mass tourism.(Julien) Academic pay more and more attention in alternative tourism, Alternative tourism has been a variety of explanations, such as Weaver & Lawton (2002) argued that is “polarized opposite and substitute for mass tourism” (as cited in Rami.K.I, 2010) and Butler (1992) argued that is “yet others speak of a transformation in all tourism towards more benign forms” ( as cited in Rami.K.I,2010)
According to comparison between mass tourism and alternative tourism of Butler (1990: cited in Gartner, 1996. P.338-342) General Features : the fast development is MT characteristics, it focus on growth the economic but ignore environment issues and sociol problems. The development will become uncontrollable cause MT, it just focus on develop quickly rather than sustainable development. As focus on environmental and social factors that AT development is slow, but try to find the economic benefits from a long-term perspective. Tourist Behaviour: a large number of tourist would like go to buy the souvenirs, but they did not realize the tradition culture deeply in MT. A small group of tourist who like to have a conversation with local people and truly be effected by culture. Basic Requirements: MT have two extreme results of development, because it has seasonality. AT can exist anytime. The last comparison is Tourism Development Strategies: many scenic are being overdeveloped, lead to reduce the proportion of traditional industries, finally the local people did not get benefit yet in MT. Rely more on the local labor force and the original source of funds to develop itself in AT. (as cited in Narueporn. L, 1999)
根据大众旅游和替代旅游的比较巴特勒(1990:引在Gartner, 1996。P.338-342)总体特征:快速发展是MT的特点，它关注经济增长，但忽略了环境问题和社会问题。MT的发展将变得不可控制，它只注重快速发展而不是可持续发展。由于关注环境和社会因素，使得AT发展缓慢，但试图从长远的角度寻找经济效益。旅游行为:大量游客想去购买纪念品，但对MT的传统文化没有深入的了解。一小群喜欢和当地人交谈，真正被文化所影响的游客。基本要求:MT有两个极端的发展结果，因为它有季节性。AT可以随时存在。最后一个比较是旅游发展策略:很多景区被过度开发，导致传统产业占比降低，最终当地人在MT中没有得到利益。在AT更多的依靠当地劳动力和原有的资金来源来发展自己。(引用自Narueporn。L, 1999)
Complexity of the tourism system旅游系统的复杂性
Simple method can not understand the tourism as stakeholders in a complex system of stakeholders. External and internal can affect all types of stratification, including subsystems, and influenced by related behavior will lead a unpredictable results. For tourism industry it is necessary to understand the relationship, meaning, underlying values and issues of each module of complex system and need ability balance for each parts that can improve sustainable tourism development.(Janine.R.M, 2009) There are some characteristics of complex tourism system. First is a large number of foundations and agents, its impaction is flexibility reciprocity. Second is polystage and decked in nature. Thirdly newness emergence ceaseless and self-organization. Fourthly it has potential that input a little to the system can have distinct change. These characteristics were summarized by Cilliers, 1998; Coveney & Highfield, 1995; Geldof, 1995; Prigogine & Stengers, 1985; Waldrop, 1992. (as cited in Janine.R.M, 2009)
Challenges, new strategic and approach挑战，新的战略和方法
There is a major challenge to sustainability for now and the future, how to define sustainable tourism, and this definition need blend into the environmental factors used in conjunction. (Randy J.V. & Megha.B, 2011) another is difficult to reach balance of each of stakeholders which base on protect environment. (Nicolae.C and Cristina.P, 2010) So find an appropriate strategic and approach is important. Hall (2000) notes that strategy of sustainable tourism planning and development seeks is to achieve that increase experience of mutual influence between the visitors and resources while protecting the resource value, to maximize protect who is the stakeholders of their country’s economic, social and environmental. (as cited in Lisa,R, 2010)
There is am approaches called community- based approaches. Kirsten and Rogerson(2002) argued It provides greater opportunities of involve the local business by combine with limited environmental and social impacts. (as cited in Gianna, 2007) Hall (2005) thought this approaches are popular for tourism, because local stakeholders tough it can understand that the decisions about the types and locations of proposed tourism development. (as cited in Gianna, 2007)
有一种方法叫做基于社区的方法。Kirsten和Rogerson(2002)认为，通过结合有限的环境和社会影响，它提供了更多的机会，让当地企业参与进来。(引用Gianna, 2007) Hall(2005)认为这种方法在旅游业中很受欢迎，因为当地的利益相关者认为它可以理解关于拟议旅游发展的类型和地点的决定。(引用Gianna, 2007)
Conclusion结论
Tourism is an important industry of the process of achieve sustainable development. It has been help a lot of countries developed, and contribute for economic in whole world. But environmental and social problems also emergent in present time. So it is necessary transfer original form of development, that is sustainable development. For tourism industry is sustainable tourism. In this paper, according to a lot of authors perspective, it help readers realize definition and characteristic of ST and SD easily. SD is the foundation of long-term economic operation that can meet needs and create better life.(Geneva, 1987)
This paper also discuss two key forms of tourism. Both MT and AT affect the environment and economic. Detail about characteristic of each form is in MT and AT part. Also discuss the complex tourism system, it is necessary to balance ability of each module. Finally according to summarize challenge to find new strategic and approaches to achieve ST. The key point of strategic and approaches is develop economic at the same time must not destroy environment. (Geneva, 1987)
本文还讨论了两种关键的旅游形式。MT和AT都影响环境和经济。在MT和AT部分详细介绍了每种形式的特点。还讨论了复杂旅游系统中，需要平衡各模块的能力。最后根据总结挑战寻找新的战略和途径来实现st，战略和途径的关键是发展经济的同时不能破坏环境。(日内瓦,1987)
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