Finance essay代写范文-银行面临的主要风险是什么？银行如何管理这些风险？本文是一篇留学生金融学essay范文，主要内容是针对两个问题进行分析研究，无论是通过微观经济因素还是宏观经济因素，所有具有利润最大化目标的公司都存在一定程度的风险。Finance essay提到由于银行履行的支付和中介职能，银行还面临许多非金融公司特有的风险。最近银行业环境的变化导致股东价值最大化的压力增加，这意味着银行为了获得更高的回报而承担更高的风险。正是由于压力的增加和市场的波动性，银行风险需要如此有效的管理，以确保银行的持续偿付能力。风险可以定义为“结果不确定性敞口”，通过公司内部净现金流的波动性（标准差）来衡量。银行旨在通过最大化股东的风险调整回报来增加银行股本，强调充分考虑风险和回报业务等式的重要性。风险敞口并不总是导致损失，纯风险只会对预期结果产生不利影响，但投机风险可能会产生比预期更好或更坏的结果。下面是这篇留学生Finance essay代写范文的全部内容，供参考。
What are the main risks faced by banks and how does a bank attempt to manage these risks? 银行面临的主要风险是什么？银行如何管理这些风险？
All companies which have a profit maximising objective hold a certain degree of risk whether through microeconomic or macroeconomic factors. Banks also face a number of risks atypical of non financial companies due to the payment and intermediary function which they perform. Recent changes in the banking environment has lead to an increased pressure to maximise shareholder value, this means that banks take on a higher risk in order to gain a higher return. It is due to this increased pressure and market volatility that banking risk needs such effective management to ensure the banks continued solvency. Risk can be defined as an “exposure to uncertainty of outcome” measured by the volatility (standard deviation) of net cash flow within the firm. Banks aim to add equity to the bank by maximising the risk adjusted return to shareholders highlighting the importance of fully considering the risk and return business equation. Exposure to risk does not always lead to a loss, pure risk only has a downside from the expected outcome but speculative risk can produce either a better or worse result that expected.
Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty will fail to repay the loan in part or full. This includes delayed payments or any default on the loan agreement. It is widely know that credit risk is one of the most damaging risks to banks, for this reason there is usually a separate credit department run around a credit culture of the management’s views. The objective of the credit department will be to maximise shareholder value added through credit risk management. To manage credit risk banks do sometimes take a security over the loan such as property or shares which the bank can take possession of in the event of default on the loan agreement. If the market prices of the security become volatile the bank may ask for more security to offset the probability of marginal default increasing. Credit constraints are implemented to make sure there is a restriction on certain loan agreements to a specific category of borrower, well defined credit limits will reduce the risk of adverse selection. Pricing the loan is a technique which uses a risk adjusted premium to determine the rate of interest on a loan, with the riskier the loan the higher the premium, although a higher interest rate may increase probability of default so must be monitored regularly. The final credit risk management method is to reduce credit losses by building a portfolio with diversification between low and high risk lending. This essentially offsets high risk and return lending with low risk and return lending to minimise any losses incurred.
信用风险是指交易对手无法偿还部分或全部贷款的风险。这包括延迟付款或任何贷款协议违约。众所周知，信贷风险是银行面临的最具破坏性的风险之一，因此，通常会有一个独立的信贷部门围绕着管理层的信贷文化运作。信贷部门的目标是通过信贷风险管理最大限度地增加股东价值。为了管理信用风险，银行有时确实会对贷款采取担保措施，例如在贷款协议违约的情况下银行可以占有的财产或股份。如果证券的市场价格变得不稳定，银行可能会要求提供更多证券，以抵消边际违约增加的可能性。实施信贷约束是为了确保某些贷款协议对特定类别的借款人有限制，定义明确的信贷限额将降低逆向选择的风险。贷款定价是一种使用风险调整溢价确定贷款利率的技术，贷款风险越高，溢价越高，尽管较高的利率可能会增加违约概率，因此必须定期监测。最终的信用风险管理方法是通过在低风险和高风险贷款之间建立多样化的投资组合来减少信用损失。这从本质上抵消了高风险和回报贷款与低风险和回报贷款，以尽量减少任何损失。
A similar but more specific concept to credit risk is sovereign risk involving risk that a government will default on a loan agreement from a private sector bank. This case is unusual because if a government sates that the default is due to movement of resources to resolve domestic issues it can declare the loan agreement void due to immunity in the legal process, this will barrier debt recovery through the taking the possession of assets and often leave the bank with partial or full loss of the loan. Debt repudiation is an extreme case where the government no longer recognises their debt or obligations to creditors. Due to problems and the high risk associated with government lending a foreign currency sovereign credit rating was defined in an attempt to enable informed investor lending decisions.
与信用风险类似但更为具体的概念是主权风险，涉及政府违反私营银行贷款协议的风险。这种情况不常见，因为如果政府认定违约是由于解决国内问题的资源流动所致，则可以在法律程序中宣布贷款协议因豁免权而无效，这将阻碍通过占有资产收回债务，并往往使银行损失部分或全部贷款。债务抵赖是一种极端情况，政府不再承认其对债权人的债务或义务。由于与政府贷款相关的问题和高风险，定义了外币主权信用评级，以帮助投资者做出明智的贷款决策。
An interest rate is a premium paid in order to consume resources in the present rather than at a later date. Interest rate risk is loss or gain in the value of a position due to changes in the interest rate, it is a speculative risk because the changes in interest rates can lead to both a positive and negative result. There are two types of interest rate which are fixed rate and rate sensitive, the simpler form of risk lies with fixed rate assets and liabilities because a change in the interest rate above or below the fixed rate with lead to a loss or gain in capital. Simulation approaches are highly complex and involve an assessment of the potential changes of interest rates on earnings, future economic value and impact on cash flow. Static simulations assess only the cash flow of on and off balance sheet activity, whereas dynamic simulations build a model predicting the future changes of interest rates and expected changes in the banks activity. The best known interest rate risk management method is gap analysis. This is a detailed analysis of the gap between interest rate sensitive assets and interest rate sensitive liabilities over a specific duration. A rate sensitive asset or liability is defined by an asset or liability in which the cash flow changes in the same direction as interest rates. The changes in interest rates have a detrimental effect if there is a mismatch between rate sensitive assets and liabilities, this is because if the level of rate sensitive liabilities is higher than rate sensitive assets, an increase in interest rates will lead to less profits. High quality interest rate risk management can effectively increase or decrease the gap in order to maximise revenue.
利率是为了在当前而不是以后消耗资源而支付的溢价。利率风险是指由于利率变化导致头寸价值的损失或收益，它是一种投机风险，因为利率变化可能会导致积极和消极的结果。利率有两种类型，即固定利率和利率敏感型，更简单的风险形式在于固定利率资产和负债，因为利率高于或低于固定利率的变化会导致资本损失或收益。模拟方法非常复杂，需要评估利率对收益、未来经济价值的潜在变化以及对现金流的影响。静态模拟仅评估资产负债表内外活动的现金流，而动态模拟建立了一个模型，预测未来利率变化和银行活动的预期变化。最著名的利率风险管理方法是缺口分析。这是对特定期限内利率敏感资产和利率敏感负债之间差距的详细分析。利率敏感资产或负债是指现金流与利率变化方向相同的资产或负债。如果利率敏感资产和负债之间不匹配，利率变化会产生不利影响，这是因为如果利率敏感负债的水平高于利率敏感资产，利率的增加将导致利润减少。高质量的利率风险管理可以有效地增加或减少差距，以实现收入最大化。
Operational risk is defined at the risk of loss from a breakdown in internal processes and/or management failure. This can occur through different events such as a law suit, systems failure, or damage to assets and its effects can lead to an increase in unsystematic market risk and liquidity risk. Although there has been significant importance placed upon operational risk there is at present still no clear method of measuring its risk and effects on a general basis.
运营风险定义为内部流程故障和/或管理失败导致的损失风险。这可能通过不同的事件发生，例如诉讼、系统故障或资产损坏，其影响可能导致非系统性市场风险和流动性风险增加。尽管操作风险受到了高度重视，但目前仍没有明确的方法来衡量其风险和影响。
The Basle II provided three suggested methods of calculating the operating risk of a firm. The basic approach allocates capital using gross income as an indicator for the bank’s exposure to operational risk. The Standardised approach divides the bank into business units and lines and uses individual indicators to calculate a department specific level of exposure to operational risk. The final method of calculating operational risk is the internal measurement approach which allows each bank to use individual internal loss data to determine the capital allocation.
《巴塞尔协议II》提供了三种计算公司经营风险的建议方法。基本方法使用总收入作为银行操作风险敞口的指标来分配资本。标准化方法将银行划分为业务部门和业务线，并使用单个指标计算部门特定的操作风险敞口水平。计算操作风险的最后一种方法是内部计量方法，该方法允许每家银行使用单个内部损失数据来确定资本配置。
Market risk is the risk of movement in the price function of financial instruments, resulting in the loss/gain in value. It is a speculative risk, measured by the probability in potential loss/gain in value of a portfolio. The risk occurs in two separate forms; Systematic market risk is caused by the price movement of all financial instruments due to changes in the macroeconomic climate. Unsystematic risk occurs when an instrument moves out of line with the rest of the market due to internal factors with the issuer. Systematic market risk can be prepared for in event of downturn in the economic climate by capital allocation to the specific risk calculated by the risk adjusted rate on capital. Value at risk is a measure of potential losses incurred to a portfolio due to adverse market price movements often used in risk management. Unsystematic risk can be offset by diversifications of investments into several different countries and/or industries affectively spreading the risk in attempt to avoid huge losses in specific sector investment. The diversification of investment into foreign countries may increase the potential probability of currency risk.
市场风险是指金融工具的价格函数发生变化，导致价值损失/收益的风险。这是一种投机风险，通过投资组合价值的潜在损失/收益的概率来衡量。风险以两种不同的形式出现；系统性市场风险是由宏观经济环境变化导致的所有金融工具的价格变动引起的。由于发行人的内部因素，当工具与市场其他部分不一致时，就会出现非系统性风险。通过将资本配置到由资本风险调整率计算的特定风险，可以在经济环境低迷的情况下为系统性市场风险做好准备。风险价值是衡量由于风险管理中经常使用的不利市场价格变动而对投资组合产生的潜在损失的一种方法。非系统性风险可以通过将投资分散到几个不同的国家和/或行业来抵消，有效地分散风险，以避免特定部门投资的巨大损失。对外国投资的多样化可能会增加货币风险的潜在可能性。
Exchange rate flexibility exposes all firms with a short or long term position in any given currency to currency risk. Globalised markets have lead to increases in multinational firms and foreign investment, increasing the level of foreign exchange and political risks. Any exchange of money in a currency other than the firm’s home currency would be expressed as a purchase of foreign currency. Foreign exchange transactions can involve many forms of on and off balance sheet financial instruments. Duration analysis can be used to compare the value of foreign bond to the foreign or domestic currency interest rates. Measures of net risk exposure for each currency can be assessed using gap analysis and will be equal to the difference between assets and liabilities in each currency.
汇率的灵活性使所有持有任何给定货币的短期或长期头寸的公司都面临货币风险。全球化市场导致跨国公司和外国投资的增加，增加了外汇水平和政治风险。以公司本币以外的货币进行的任何货币交换将表示为购买外币。外汇交易可能涉及多种形式的表内和表外金融工具。期限分析可用于将外国债券的价值与外币或本币利率进行比较。可以使用缺口分析评估每种货币的净风险敞口，并将等于每种货币的资产和负债之间的差额。
Political risk arises through the risk of political interference in the operations of a private sector bank, the exposure of which can range between interest rate and exchange regulations to the nationalisation of the financial service industry. The main factors which have been stated as to affect political risk is internal or external armed conflict, democratic government, and government stability.
政治风险是通过政治干预私营银行运营的风险产生的，其风险范围从利率和汇率法规到金融服务业国有化。影响政治风险的主要因素是内部或外部武装冲突、民主政府和政府稳定。
The level of Liquidity risk can affected by many of the other risks and is defined as the risk that the bank will have insufficient liquid assets on its balance sheet and is therefore unable to fulfil financial commitments without the sale of assets; this is generated from a mismatch in size and maturity of assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or due to loan defaults with a surge of depositor demands. Day to day liquidity risk (funding risk) relates to the daily withdrawals and is predictable due to low depositor withdrawals, if there was a surge of withdrawals then many banks would rely in loans from the interbank market to cover the short term illiquidity. A more unpredictable risk also arising from increased depositor withdrawals is a liquidity crisis.
流动性风险水平可能会受到许多其他风险的影响，并被定义为银行资产负债表上流动性资产不足，因此在不出售资产的情况下无法履行财务承诺的风险；这是由于资产负债表上资产和负债的规模和到期日不匹配，或由于存款人需求激增而导致的贷款违约。日常流动性风险（资金风险）与每日提款有关，由于储户提款率较低，因此是可预测的，如果提款激增，则许多银行将依赖银行间市场的贷款来弥补短期流动性不足。存款人提款增加带来的一个更不可预测的风险是流动性危机。
The increase in withdrawals often stems from lack of confidence in the bank, this situation will force the bank to borrow at an elevated interest rate or rely on central bank intervention and deposit insurance to avoid a run. In this situation the central bank can provide provisions in the form of high interest loans or advances, however this is costly and can further damage the banks reputation. Ideally the bank could use a method of maturity matching to guarantee liquidity and eliminate the funding risks. This is the coordination of cash flow by matching the maturity of an asset with the maturity of a liability. This is unlikely to be a widely used approach as asset transformation is a key source of banking profit. Usually the bank will hold a certain level of liquid assets to reassure creditors and signal to the market that the bank is doing well, an increase holding of liquid assets will avoid the liquidity problem but due to a trade off between liquidity and profitability lower return on investments. The most widely used technique of managing banks liquidity is Gap analysis, the liquidity gap is defined by the difference between net liquid assets and unpredictable liabilities. This gives the ability to monitor available capital over time.
提款的增加往往源于对银行缺乏信心，这种情况将迫使银行以更高的利率借款，或依靠央行干预和存款保险来避免挤兑。在这种情况下，中央银行可以以高息贷款或预付款的形式提供准备金，但这成本高昂，并可能进一步损害银行的声誉。理想情况下，银行可以使用期限匹配的方法来保证流动性并消除融资风险。这是通过匹配资产到期日和负债到期日来协调现金流。这不太可能是一种广泛使用的方法，因为资产转换是银行利润的关键来源。通常，银行将持有一定水平的流动资产，以安抚债权人，并向市场发出银行表现良好的信号。增加流动资产持有量将避免流动性问题，但由于流动性和盈利能力之间的权衡，投资回报率较低。管理银行流动性最广泛使用的技术是缺口分析，流动性缺口是由净流动资产和不可预测负债之间的差异定义的。这使得能够随着时间的推移监控可用资本。
Financial services differ from other firms because of the high level of financial risks that they assume through the payment and intermediary functions. It is therefore critical to manage the risks faced to ensure solvency and to maximise the firm’s value added. In some cases the management of an individual risk can have a positive or negative effect on another risk which shows that they are not mutually exclusive. Many of the main financial crises have risen from a combination of risks surrounding losses due to poor credit risk management, it is important to highlight diversification of a portfolio and asset liability management as influencing factors in effective risk management as they can reduce the probability of several risks. In the future it is important to continue developing new formal and quantitative risk management processes to ensure continues solvency within the financial services industry.
Finance essay代写范文在文末总结金融服务不同于其他公司，因为它们通过支付和中介功能承担高水平的金融风险。因此，管理面临的风险以确保偿付能力并最大限度地提高公司的附加值至关重要。在某些情况下，对单个风险的管理可能会对另一个风险产生积极或消极的影响，这表明它们并非相互排斥。许多主要的金融危机都是由围绕信用风险管理不善造成的损失的风险组合引起的，重要的是要强调投资组合的多样化和资产负债管理是有效风险管理的影响因素，因为它们可以降低几种风险的概率。未来，重要的是继续开发新的正式和定量风险管理流程，以确保金融服务行业内的持续偿付能力。本站提供各国各专业essay代写服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。