本文是会计Essay范例，题目是“Enron Scandal: Impact on Accounting（安然丑闻:对会计的影响）”，人们一直指责会计部门造成了安然公司的损失，因为它允许公司向投资者隐瞒交易细节，直到公司的财务状况非常糟糕，以至于公司几乎在一夜之间被迫破产。安然倒闭的特征是“管理层通过使用异常激进的会计做法，过分关注维持股价或盈利趋势”。(Healy, 2003)作为其中的一部分，安然公司在20世纪90年代中期对能源交易业务使用了“按市值计价的会计”，并以前所未有的规模将其用于其交易交易。”(托马斯,2002)根据按市值计价的会计实践,公司优秀的衍生品合约或者购买资产负债表上准备账户时必须调整他们“公平市场价值”(托马斯,2002)因此,预测长期的收益或损失这些合同立即应用于公司的利润,类似于折旧或资产减记。在能源市场进行长期期货合约交易时，遇到的主要困难是“通常没有报价作为估值的基础”。拥有这类衍生工具的公司可以根据自己的假设和方法自由开发和使用任意估值模型，安然就是这样做的。”(希利,2003)
Accounting for Enron安然的会计
1. Why is accounting being blamed for the losses sustained by investors as a result of the collapse of Enron? Is this criticism fair and do financial accounting and reporting practices need to be reformed?为什么会计会因为安然公司倒闭而导致投资者遭受损失而受到指责?这种批评是否公平?财务会计和报告实践是否需要改革?
Accounting has been blamed for the losses sustained by Enron, as it allowed the company to hide details of its dealings from its investors, until the company’s financial situation was so bad that the firm was forced to go bankrupt almost overnight. Enron’s downfall has been characterised as “excessive interest by management in maintaining stock price or earnings trend through the use of unusually aggressive accounting practices.” (Healy, 2003) As part of this, Enron used “‘mark-to-market accounting’ for the energy trading business in the mid-1990s and used it on an unprecedented scale for its trading transactions.” (Thomas, 2002) Under mark-to-market accounting practices, companies with outstanding derivative contracts or purchases on their balance sheets when accounts are being prepared must adjust them to “fair market value” (Thomas, 2002) As a result, predicted long term gains or losses on these contract are applied to the company’s profits immediately, similar to depreciation, or asset write downs. The main difficulty encountered when doing this for long-term futures contracts in energy markets is that “there are often no quoted prices upon which to base valuations. Companies having these types of derivative instruments are free to develop and use discretionary valuation models based on their own assumptions and methods, as Enron did.” (Healy, 2003)
Another accounting technique Enron used to hide significant debts was the use of special purpose entities (SPEs), which Enron took to “new heights of complexity and sophistication, capitalizing them with not only a variety of hard assets and liabilities, but also extremely complex derivative financial instruments, its own restricted stock, rights to acquire its stock and related liabilities.” (Thomas, 2002) Enron also used these SPEs to hide details of assets which were excessively declining in value, thus avoiding having losses from asset write down and depreciation charges on the company books. This practice was applied to “certain overseas energy facilities, the broadband operation or stock in companies that had been spun off to the public.” (Thomas, 2002) The accounting treatments around SPEs meant that the losses sustained on these asset write downs would not appear on Enron’s accounts. Enron promised share issues to the investors in the SPEs to compensate them for taking these assets on but, as the value of the assets fell even further, Enron found itself unable to meet these commitments from share issues.
These creative accounting techniques began to be suspected by investors in October 2001, when Enron several new businesses failed to perform as well as expected. Enron was hoping these new businesses would cover its losses on the SPEs but, in October 2001 the company was forced to announce a major series of write-downs of its own assets, including “after tax charges of $2.87 million for Azurix, the water business acquired in 1998, $180 million for broadband investments and $544 million for other investments.” (Healy, 2003) These write downs amounted to twenty two percent of the capital spent by Enron on developing its business between 1998 and 2000. In addition, Enron sold Portland General Corp., the electric power plant it had acquired in 1997, for $1.9 billion, at a loss of $1.1 billion over the acquisition price. (Healy, 2003) The losses incurred as a result of this caused investors to question whether Enron’s strategy was feasible in the long tem, and in markets other than derivatives.
In summary, whilst the accounting concepts and strategy underlying the gas derivatives trading was a reasonable attempt to produce value for investors, “extensions of this idea into other markets and international expansion were unsuccessful.” (Healy, 2003) However, whilst the mark to market and SPE accounting techniques used by the company helped hide this fact from investors, the stock markets as a whole were guilty of “largely ignored red flags associated with Enron’s spectacular reported performance” (Thomas, 2002). This aided and, in the eyes of the management at Enron, vindicated the company’s expansion strategy by allowing Enron access to plenty of capital cheaply and easily. As such, accounting cannot be entirely blamed for the losses sustained by investors, as the investors themselves simply assumed that the value Enron appeared to be generating “would be sustained far into the future, despite little economic basis for such a projection.” (Thomas, 2002) As a result, whilst accounting made it easier for Enron to mislead its investors, the facts show that investors themselves were more concerned with Enron’s reported profits and growth, than analysing the roots causes and business model.
2. Does it matter what accounting policies are adopted by a company as long as they are adequately disclosed?在充分披露的情况下，公司采用何种会计政策是否重要?
A “very confusing footnote in Enron’s 2000 financial statements” (Thomas, 2002) described the transactions in question one, however according to analysts, “most people would be hard pressed to understand the effects of these disclosures on the financial statements, casting doubt on both the quality of the company’s earnings as well as the business purpose of the transaction.” (Thomas, 2002) By early 2001, several market analysts had begun to question the clarity and transparency of Enron’s disclosures. One analyst was quoted as saying, “The notes just don’t make sense, and we read notes for a living.” (Thomas, 2002) Enron publicly denounced and abused these analysts however, because of these actions, investors began to view Enron’s accounting policies, and disclosures, with greater and greater scepticism. Indeed, despite the fact that Enron’s disclosures were adequate in the regulatory framework, they were still not in the spirit of managerial responsibility to shareholders.
“安然2000年财务报表中非常令人困惑的脚注”(Thomas, 2002)描述了问题一中的交易，然而，据分析师称，“大多数人很难理解这些披露对财务报表的影响，这让人们对该公司的盈利质量和交易的商业目的产生了怀疑。(Thomas, 2002) 2001年初，一些市场分析师开始质疑安然公司信息披露的清晰度和透明度。报道援引一位分析师的话说:“这些笔记毫无意义，我们就是靠读笔记为生。”(Thomas, 2002)然而，安然公司公开谴责和滥用这些分析师，正是因为这些行为，投资者开始以越来越大的怀疑态度看待安然公司的会计政策和披露。事实上，尽管安然的信息披露在监管框架中是充分的，但它们仍然不符合管理层对股东负责的精神。
In another example of inadequate disclosure policies, Satava et al (2003) examined the celebrated Royal Mail Case and the implications of the case for the accounting practice today. Satava’s arguments claimed that the case was “not about the utilization of secret reserves, but about the non-disclosure of repayments by the Inland Revenue of over provisions for tax, and that defence counsel for the auditor succeeded because of the weak factual case presented by the prosecution.” (Satave et al, 2003) In summary, the duty of accountants to adequately disclose their accounting policies can often conflict with attempts by the same accountants to use these policies to benefit the company. As a result, these conflicts of interest often result in only materially adequate disclosures of substandard accounting policies.
3. To what extent did Enron use off balance-sheet financing in its operations? Were these transactions appropriately treated and adequately disclosed in the financial statements of the company? What consequences did the accounting treatment of these transactions have for Enron and its investors?安然公司在其运营中使用了多大程度的表外融资?这些交易是否在公司的财务报表中得到了适当的处理和充分的披露?这些交易的会计处理对安然及其投资者有什么影响?
The main way Enron used off balance sheet financing was in its extensive use of SPEs to give it ready access to finance without having to report any debts it incurred in its accounts. The company contributed assets, and debt secured against those assets, to an SPE in exchange for control of the SPE, and the SPEs then borrowed large amounts of capital which was used to finance Enron, without any debt or assets showing up in Enron’s accounts. Enron also sold assets to the SPEs at above market value, and thus reported profits on these sales.
安然使用表外融资的主要方式是，它广泛使用spe，以便随时获得融资，而无需在账目中报告任何产生的债务。该公司向SPE提供了资产，以及以这些资产为抵押的债务，以换取对SPE的控制权，SPE随后借入大量资金，用于资助安然，安然的账目中没有任何债务或资产。安然还以高于市场价值的价格向spe出售了资产，从而报告了这些销售的利润。
Enron used huge numbers of SPEs in this way, the most well known of which were LJM Cayman LP and LJM2 Co-Investment LP. “From 1999 through July 2001, these entities paid Enron managers more than $30 million in management fees, far more than their Enron salaries, supposedly with the approval of top management and Enron’s board of directors.” (Healy, 2003) The SPEs in turn created yep more SPEs, known as the Raptor vehicles, which enabled Enron to invest heavily in a bankrupt broadband company, Rhythm NetConnections, during the dotcom boom. To finance this investment Enron made a share issue worth $1.2 billion. However, in order to complete this deal, Enron increased shareholders’ equity to reflect this transaction, which has been claimed to violate accounting standards and principles. Additionally, accounting rules actually meant that Enron should have included information from the LJM and Raptor SPEs in their accounts, rather than continue to use them as off balance sheet financing. (Healy, 2003)
In addition to these minor violations, Enron revealed in October 2001 that several other SPEs had violated the accounting standard that required at least 3 percent of the entities to be owned by other investors, with no interest in the parent company. Again, by ignoring this requirement, Enron kept the financing it obtained from these entities off its balance sheet, enabling it to understate its liabilities and losses on this source of financing. However, on October 16, 2001, Enron announced that “restatements to its financial statements for years 1997 to 2000 to correct these violations would reduce earnings for the four-year period by $613 million (or 23 percent of reported profits dating the period), increase liabilities at the end of 2000 by $628 million (6 percent of reported liabilities and 5.5 percent of reported equity) and reduce equity at the end of 2000 by $1.2 billion (10 percent of reported equity).” (Thomas, 2002)
In addition to the accounting failures, Enron only disclosed the minimum amount of details on its investments in the SPEs, and the amount of financing it had gained from them. The company claimed that it had hedged some of its investments using special purpose entities, but failed to inform investors that Enron shares were being used as part of this hedge. Moreover, Enron allowed several of its senior managers, including its chief financial officer Andrew Fastow, to become partners of the special purpose entities. Thus, these employees were able to make large amounts of profit, in both cash and shares, from the off balance sheet financing provided by companies they partly owned. (Thomas, 2002) This was a clear failure to fulfil their fiduciary responsibility to Enron’s stockholders, and contributed to the extent of the company’s downfall.
4. Would similar treatment of off balance-sheet transactions be permissible in the UK?英国是否允许类似的表外交易处理方式?
Tollington (2001) is one of the foremost academics claiming that financial accounts no longer provide a true and accurate representation of the value of a business, due to the widening between the values accounting policies place on assets, and the market values of said assets. His paper argues that “the definitional requirement for ‘transactions or events’ appears to restrict their recognition,” and therefore disclosure on balance sheets, which enables similar off balance sheet transactions in the UK.
托林顿(2001)是最重要的学者之一，他声称，由于会计政策对资产的价值和资产的市场价值之间的扩大，财务账户不再提供一个真实和准确的企业价值的代表。他的论文认为，“对‘交易或事件’的定义要求似乎限制了它们的确认”，因此限制了资产负债表的披露，这使得英国能够进行类似的表外交易。
Equally, ‘white-collar crime’ has massively increased in recent years, with some estimates stating that over half a trillion pounds of criminal proceedings are laundered through the world’s financial markets each year. (Mitchell et al, 1998) The majority of this is moved in large quantities, and this cannot be done successfully without willing accountants, who can use creative accounting to hide any money laundering outside the scope of company accounts. However, new money laundering regulations mean that accountants, and related professionals, are now supposed to report any fraud or money laundering wherever they find it, and this applies as much to illegal activity the UK as to anywhere else.
Whilst securitization, which incorporates the use of SPEs for off-balance-sheet financing, has been extensively reviewed in recent years, there are still concerns over the extent to which off balance sheet financing can be abused, both in the UK and abroad. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) recently introduced new standards, and modified their existing standards, in order to more rigorously define the acceptable accounting treatments for securities. (Satava et al, 2003) Whilst some accountant and analysts are still hoping to move towards a single, global, set of accounting standards, this is likely to take several times. Other jurisdictions are also keen to create a globally accepted set of standards, and in the UK the Accounting Standards Board (ASB) is converging with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), commonly referred to as IAS, to minimise the extent to which off balance sheet financing can be practiced.
在英国和国外，资产证券化(将spe用于表外融资)近年来得到了广泛的审查，但仍存在对表外融资可能被滥用的程度的担忧。国际会计准则委员会(IASB)和美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)最近出台了新的会计准则，并修改了现有的准则，以更严格地定义证券的可接受会计处理。(Satava等人，2003年)虽然一些会计和分析师仍然希望向一个单一的，全球的会计标准集，这可能需要几次。其他司法管辖区也热衷于创建一套全球接受的准则，而在英国，会计准则委员会(ASB)正与国际财务报告准则(IFRS)(通常被称为IAS)趋同，以最大限度地减少资产负债表外融资的可实施程度。
Two other factors have combined with the restructuring of financial and other industries in a way that has placed additional stress on the corporate governance function, and off balance sheet transactions: greater complexity of business structures and greater emphasis on stock prices. In the last decade or so, business has experienced a surge of fluid organizational arrangements as well as a routinisation of complex transactions, with alliances, joint ventures, multifaceted sale arrangements and hybrid, structured finance arrangements becoming commonplace. (Monks and Minow, 2003) The net effect is the economic boundaries of the firm have become ambiguous and extremely fluid, a phenomenon reflected in the wonderfully euphemistic phrase “off balance-sheet financing,” where the firm structures transactions and relationships to avoid their explicit recognition in traditional accounting displays. A typical example is a firm that holds a portfolio of mortgages. It places the portfolio in a free-standing legal entity with distinctly limited scope, a Special Purpose Entity, but continues the transaction processing and possibly provides credit enhancements. In different variations, inventory, research and development or even rights to future revenue cash flows are parked in Special Purpose Entities (Griffiths, 1995).
Reporting regulations allow the Special Purpose Entity to be kept off of the firm’s formal financial statements; as long as it is disclosed, provided substantive risk has been shifted to an independent third party. (Nelson, 2003) General Electric, an aggressive purveyor of these arrangements, for example, reports sponsored Special Purpose Entities with assets in excess of $50 billion in its 2001 financial report. The “independent third party” must have (among other things) a minimum of 3 percent ownership of the Special Purpose Entity’s equity and debt, although the Financial Accounting Standards Board in the US has recently tightened these requirements to resemble that of the UK. (Demski, 2003) However, Special Purpose Entities are only one aspect of this wave of organizational and financial innovation.
This greater degree of complexity has interacted with a corporate governance environment that has been placing heightened emphasis on shareholder value (Nelson, 2003), including an explosion in the use of option-based compensation. A substantial portion of the greater complexity appears to be motivated by a concern for financial presentation, for example, “beautifying” one’s balance sheet In some cases, the effect may be as simple as a matter of timing: for instance, the timing of selected expenditures and shipments can affect current period financial results, just as can the time at which a sale is formally booked or a loan is consummated. With the assistance of hybrid financial and organizational transactions, a lease can be structured so it does, or does not, show up on the lessee’s balance sheet, thereby affecting the total debt that a firm reports, through other methods than off-balance sheet financing. However, fundamentally, Enron, used Special Purpose Entities to disguise significant amounts of debt as commodity prepay transactions. Through a series of circular or round-trip prepaid transactions, this Special Purpose Entity was the centerpiece in “allowing” Enron to borrow money but to record the amount borrowed as cash generated by operations, because prepaid commodity contracts are generally booked as trades, not loans, a distinction which would have been clearer in the UK (Deminski, 2003).
5. Are principle based types of accounting standard like FRS 5 more effective in dealing with accounting abuses than the more rule based standards of the US? 像FRS 5这样基于原则的会计准则类型在处理会计滥用方面是否比基于规则的美国准则更有效?
Although the foundation of financial accounting and auditing has traditionally been based upon a rule based framework, the concept of a principle based approach has been periodically advocated since being incorporated into the AICPA Code of Conduct in 1989. Enron and similar events indicated that the accountants and auditors involved have followed rule based ethical perspectives, however these rule based standards have failed to protect investors from accounting abuses. Satava et al (2003) thus described how “rule based traditions of auditing became a convenient vehicle that perpetuated the unethical conduct of firms such as Enron and Arthur Andersen.” They presented a model of ten ethical perspectives and briefly described how these ten ethical perspectives impact rule based and principle based ethical conduct for accountants and auditors, concluding by identifying six specific suggestions that the accounting and auditing profession should consider to restore public trust and to improve the ethical conduct of accountants and auditors. Their conclusions showed that principle based standards were less open to abuses that rule based standards, provided the principles were well defined.
尽管财务会计和审计的基础传统上是基于规则的框架，但基于原则的方法的概念自1989年被纳入美国会计师协会(AICPA)的行为准则以来，一直在定期倡导。安然事件和类似事件表明，涉及的会计师和审计人员遵循了基于规则的道德观点，但这些基于规则的标准未能保护投资者免受会计滥用。Satava等人(2003)这样描述了“基于规则的审计传统如何成为一种方便的工具，使诸如安然和安达信这样的公司的不道德行为永久存在。”他们提出了一个十种伦理观点的模型，并简要描述了这十种伦理观点是如何影响会计师和审计师基于规则和原则的道德行为的，最后提出六条具体建议，建议会计和审计行业应考虑恢复公众信任，改善会计师和审计师的道德行为。他们的结论表明，基于原则的标准比基于规则的标准更不容易被滥用，前提是这些原则有很好的定义。
Indeed, the publication of a recent amendment to Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) 5 by Great Britain’s Accounting Standards Board, sought to clarify how to account for SPEs and similar entities, with emphasis on how the principles of the FRS 5 will apply to transactions conducted with these entities. Accountancy (2004) claimed that by publishing an amendment to FRS 5, the United Kingdom Accounting Standards Board was attempting to stop the flow of off balance sheet accounting, despite concerns expressed surrounding the amended FRS 5. The article provided information on an amendment to FRS 5, “Reporting the Substance of Transactions”, namely the addition of “Application Note G, Revenue Recognition”.
The note has been prepared in response to the need for clarity in respect to questions that arise concerning the treatment of revenue and, in particular, the treatment of turnover. The amendment was published as an Exposure Draft in February 2003 for public comment and, in finalizing the document; the Accounting Standards Board took into consideration the comments received in response to the draft and has consulted interested parties. In FRS 5, in the list of contents immediately preceding the summary, the list of Application Notes is extended by adding at the end, G Revenue Recognition and sets out basic principles of transaction and revenue recognition which should be applied in all cases This thus has increased the extent to which the principle based accountancy legislation in the UK can control the extent of off balance sheet transactions, and correspondingly increased the necessary amount of disclosure. (Accountancy, 2004)
However, it has been argued by some theorists that the reform efforts may have been unwise (Culp and Nickanen, 2003), due to a need to recognise that accounting is retrospective, and Enron’s problems were evident to investors if they used more forward looking information. The share price was declining long before the disclosures, quick surveys of four issues: the state of wholesale electric markets before and after Enron, the state of regulation of wholesale electric markets before and after Enron, online trading before and after Enron, and whether swaps need regulation, shows that accounting abuses must still have an underlying business reason. It has also been argued that Enron’s use of special entities for off-balance-sheet financing is a perversion of a useful, and often appropriate, accounting technique and such perversions can equally be applied to other techniques under principle-based standards.
Equally, it has been recognised that the latitude inherent in principles, or concepts, based standards can be a double-edged sword. “Such latitude allows managers to choose accounting treatments that reflect their informed understanding of the underlying economics of transactions.” (Nelson, 2003) This latitude, however, also permits managers to “advocate reporting treatments that do not reflect the underlying economics of a transaction.” (Maines et al, 2003) Both managers and accountants must have strong ethical principles in order for their accounting under principle based standards to reflect the true value of their business, especially in difficult times Both the SEC and the Auditing Standards Board in America support this view with their focus on the quality, as opposed to simply the acceptability, of financial reporting, as well as placing strong emphasis on “the need for expert judgment and unbiased reporting” (Maines et al, 2003)
Concepts-based standards have the potential to promote the financial reporting goals of the regulatory bodies in ways that rules-based standards cannot. However, in order for this to happen, individuals must possess a conceptual framework for financial information in order to use this information appropriately in decision making. Principle-based standards reflect a more consistent application of conceptual framework, and thus enhance individuals’ understanding of the frameworks. Thus, a concepts based approach is consistent with the FASB’s stated goal to “improve the common understanding of the nature and purposes of information contained in financial reports.” (Maines et al, 2003)
Also, principle-based standards are consistent with the stated goal of the FASB to promote convergence of accounting standards worldwide. The European Commission has recently proposed that the U.S. abandon GAAP in favour of the more flexible IAS, which emphasizes ‘substance over form’ in auditors’ inspection of the accounts. (Ampofo and Sellani, 2005) As a result, a concepts-based approach likely will lead to greater agreement in standard setting between the FASB and IASB and thus will also promote international harmonization. (Maines et al, 2003)
6. What has been the overall impact on corporate reporting of Enron and other recent financial scandals?安然和其他近期金融丑闻对公司报告的整体影响是什么?
The events surrounding the demise of Enron have led to corporate reporting procedures being called into question all over the world. It resulted in critics questioning how adequate the disclosure legislation was at the time, and also to query how a major accounting firm could conduct independent audits of a firm they were engaged in major consulting work for, when the audit fees were tiny in comparison to the consulting fees. The “scandal threatened to undermine confidence in financial markets in the United States and abroad; and the accounting profession and regulatory bodies were forced to act.” (Swartz, 2005)
围绕安然(Enron)倒闭的事件，已导致全球各地的企业报告程序受到质疑。这导致批评人士质疑当时的信息披露立法是否充分，并质疑一家大型会计师事务所如何能够对其从事大型咨询工作的公司进行独立审计，因为审计费用与咨询费相比微不足道。这一丑闻威胁到人们对美国和国外金融市场的信心;会计行业和监管机构被迫采取行动。”(斯,2005)
In a characteristic move, the SEC and the public accounting profession were among the first to respond to the Enron crisis. In a piece for the Wall Street Journal, the SEC Chairman Harvey Pitt called the outdated reporting and financial disclosure system the financial “perfect storm.” (Thomas, 2002) He stated that “under the quarterly and annual reporting system in place at the time, information was often stale on arrival and mandated financial disclosures were often, ‘arcane and impenetrable’” (Thomas, 2002) In order to reassure investors and restore confidence in financial reporting, Pitt called for “a joint response from the public and private sectors to strengthen regulations and prevent a recurrence of these events.” (Thomas, 2002)
As a result, since the Enron debacle, the global corporate reporting regulators were quick to move to stem the rising tide of public interest against their profession, displaying the banner “Enron: The AICPA, the Profession, and the Public Interest” on its Web site. (Shwarz, 2005) It announced the imminent issuance of an exposure draft on a new audit standard on fraud, the third in five years up to 2002, providing more specific guidance on corporate reporting standards than was found at the time in SAS no. 82, ‘Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit.’ The Institute also promised a “revised standard on reviews of quarterly financial statements,” (Thomas, 2002) as well as the issuance, in the second quarter of 2002, of an exposure draft of a standard to improve the audit, transaction reporting and disclosure process.
结果，自安然公司破产以来，全球公司报告监管机构迅速采取行动，遏制公众利益对其职业的反对浪潮，在其网站上打出了“安然:美国注册会计师协会、职业和公众利益”的横幅。(Shwarz, 2005)它宣布即将发布关于欺诈的新审计标准的曝光草案，这是截至2002年5年内的第三次，为企业报告标准提供了比在SAS no. 2中发现的更具体的指导。对财务报表审计中舞弊的考虑协会还承诺“修订季度财务报表审查标准”(Thomas, 2002年)，并在2002年第二季度发布一份标准征求意见稿，以改善审计、交易报告和披露过程。
The major piece of legislation to come out of the Enron scandal was the Sarbanes Oxley (SOX) report, which was passed by the U.S. Congress in 2002 in response to the demise of Enron and the WorldCom scandal. SOX requires firms to vouch for accounting controls and disclose weaknesses to shareholders, and almost all concerned parties have agreed that the SOX was a necessary and useful piece of legislation, that helped restore faith in U.S. companies and their financial statements. (Swartz, 2005) However, whilst no one disputes the benefits, business leaders have often complained that “the costs associated with Section 404 compliance are much higher than expected, and are an undue burden on most companies.” (Swartz, 2005) Many major companies, and some analysts, have criticised the large increases in auditing expenses, as these expenses create no direct value for businesses, and act to remove money from the economy which would otherwise be invested. Business lobbyists have also begun lobbying government bodies in the major financial centres, claiming that SOX slows business expansion and the growth in the number of available jobs (Swartz, 2005)
The level of complaints from companies about the increased costs associated with the new corporate reporting standards prompted U. S. auditing regulators, in May 2005, to move to ease the auditing expenses companies were forced to engage in, however regulators also said that the law has greatly benefited investors and there is no need for the U.S. Congress to change it at this time. (Swartz, 2005) Despite the obvious benefits that the increased level of reporting and disclosure provides to investors, many companies have complained that the compliance costs are too high, and that auditors force them to go through expensive corporate reporting procedures that accomplished little than to line the auditor’s pockets.
The level of complaints from companies about the increased costs associated with the new corporate reporting standards prompted U. S. auditing regulators, in May 2005, to move to ease the auditing expenses companies were forced to engage in, however regulators also said that the law has greatly benefited investors and there is no need for the U.S. Congress to change it at this time. (Swartz, 2005) Despite the obvious benefits that the increased level of reporting and disclosure provides to investors, many companies have complained that the compliance costs are too high, and that auditors force them to go through expensive corporate reporting procedures that accomplished little than to line the auditor’s pockets.
留学生论文相关专业范文素材资料，尽在本网，可以随时查阅参考。本站也提供多国留学生课程作业写作指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。