本文是历史专业Essay范例，题目是“The Sioux Tribe From The Great Plains In North America（来自北美大平原的苏族部落）”，苏族部落有着与我们现代文化截然不同的文化观。他们不具备我们先进的技术标准，也不像我们现在这样了解世界。
Sioux Tribe苏族部落
Before Contact
The Sioux Tribe from The Great Plains in North America.
The Sioux Tribe had a very different cultural outlook compared to our more modern culture. They did not have our advanced technology standards or the amount of knowledge about the world that we currently have.
Although they didn’t have the knowledge we have, they knew more about their land than many other tribes. They knew a lot about the animals and resources they had and when they would have to move. The Siouans moved according to the amount of resources they had in their area. This included the amount of water, plants and mainly bison. The Siouans followed the masses of bison as they played a very important role in their lives.
虽然他们没有我们所拥有的知识，但他们比许多其他部落更了解自己的土地。他们知道很多关于他们所拥有的动物和资源，以及他们何时必须搬家。苏族人根据他们所在地区的资源数量而迁移。这包括水、植物和主要是野牛的数量。苏族人追随野牛群，因为野牛在苏族人的生活中扮演着非常重要的角色。
The Sioux Tribes most distinguished quality was their religious beliefs. They did everything according to these beliefs which was the foundation of their culture. They actually had a very sophisticated and complicated religion but managed to merge it into their daily lifestyle.
The Sioux Tribes held many ceremonies to thank the gods and spirits, who they believed existed within nature itself. Most natural occurrences were believed to be caused by the hateful spirits. Though, the wanted occurrences were thought to be given as a reward from Mother Nature. They believed that the land and all life was sacred and treasured the saying “All life is holy – the two legged sharing it with the four legged and the wings of the air, and all green things’.
苏族部落举行了许多仪式来感谢神和神灵，他们认为神灵存在于自然之中。大多数自然现象被认为是由可恨的灵魂造成的。尽管如此，人们还是认为这些想要的东西是大自然母亲给予的一种奖励。他们相信土地和所有生命都是神圣的，并珍视“所有生命都是神圣的——两条腿的生命与空中的四条腿和翅膀以及所有绿色的东西共享生命”这句话。
Timeline of events which occurred before contact with non-indigenous people
6000BC
The Siouans changed their food acquisition strategies to meet changing conditions by developing new tools and techniques for hunting bison.
Early trade among early peoples found in Manitoba – copper from Lake Superior, pipestone from Minnesota, shell from the Gulf of Mexico, volcanic glass from Wyoming, flint from North Dakota.
500BC
Climate change appeared to hamper growth of native corn varieties – First Nations and The Sioux Tribes gradually switched from agriculture to more hunting, fishing and trapping.
Maize was grown but bison hunting appeared to be dominant. Maintained important trading relationships and cultural exchanges with First Nations from the south.
Map of where the Sioux Tribes were located
During Contact and Comparison To Aboriginal Contact
The non-indigenous people who colonized the land were the Europeans such as the Spanish and French and the “white men” otherwise known as the British.
The original intents of the Europeans and British were to expand their land for power and for wealth. After Christopher Columbus first discovered America expecting it to be Asia it alerted other nations. This caused other countries to colonise around these areas and hence the Spanish were the first people to meet with the Siouans. The Spanish spread news about the resources and large areas to other European countries which led to more and more Europeans colonizing in that region.
欧洲人和英国人最初的目的是为了权力和财富而扩张他们的土地。哥伦布第一次发现美洲后，以为是亚洲，于是警告其他国家。这导致其他国家在这些地区周围殖民，因此西班牙人是第一批与苏人见面的人。西班牙人将资源和大片土地的消息传播到其他欧洲国家，导致越来越多的欧洲人在该地区殖民。
As well as the large amounts of space, the Europeans and British took notice of the valuable resources which then led to the trading and mining of the land. During that time, one of the most valuable resources was gold. Loads of gold was found around that region which caused a gold rush, and because of the overwhelming greed of the Europeans, more and more people began to rush to this region which forced the Siouans to leave their lands and move to other areas where the bison went. The Europeans and others were so greedy that they rapidly colonized the whole area thinking that there would be masses of gold there as well which continually forced the Siouans to move away.
The first arrival of the Europeans was quite friendly and they had no evil intentions. They wanted peace with the Sioux Tribes and didn’t want to disrupt their beliefs and cultural habits. Even though they had different perspectives and beliefs compared to the Sioux Nation, they didn’t really mind their differences until later on. Both groups thought that their cultural practices were acceptable at first but when they gained more knowledge about what each group did, they both detested the other’s beliefs and despised each other.
The Europeans believed that all land could be bought and completely owned which disgusted the because they believed that all land was sacred and holy. They thought that the land could be used by everyone for the benefit of everyone. The Sioux Tribe let the Europeans take over their land only because they wanted peace and thought that everyone was allowed on the land. After the Europeans slowly maintained more and more of the Siouans sacred land and began to break their promises. The Siouans saw their horrible intentions of taking over all of the land which was evil and intolerable hence the Siouans declared war on the Europeans.
The first known meeting between any western Siouans and the whites was in 1541, when De Soto reached the Quapaw villages in east Arkansas. The Spanish and the Siouans didn’t really fight because they had met had the Valley of Vapors. Members of many tribes had gathered at the valley over many years to enjoy the healing properties of the thermal springs. The tribes had developed agreements to put aside their weapons and partake of the healing waters in peace while in the valley. De Soto and his men stayed just long enough to claim the area for Spain.
人们所知的西苏族人与白人的第一次会面是在1541年，当时De Soto到达了阿肯色州东部的Quapaw。西班牙人和苏族人并没有真正开战因为他们在蒸汽谷相遇了。多年来，许多部落的成员聚集在山谷里，享受温泉的治疗作用。部落们达成了协议，放下武器，在山谷里和平地分享治愈之水。德索托和他的手下在那里停留了很长一段时间，最终西班牙占领了该地区。
In 1640 the earliest notice of the main northwestern tribe is that of the French explorers. Some French traders soon followed. These men wanted the furs of animals that lived in the Dakota country such as buffalos. In exchange, they introduced the Dakota to goods such as flint and steel. These traders also brought glass, breads, metal knives, axes, guns, flour and sugar to the Dakota. At first the Siouans were fine with the white Europeans since they brought goods. They were able to enjoy the benefits brought to them by the traders and did not suffer much upset to their way of life because there were only a few white people who lived on their land, but by 1685, the Sioux territory was claimed by the French pushing the Siouans down the Mississippi and away from the Buffalo Plains. The Sioux Tribe despised what the Europeans did so they declared war.
The first contact of Europeans or white people was quite different between the Sioux tribe and the indigenous people of Australia. They were different in the sense that the Sioux tribe benefitted a little from the Europeans where as the Aborigines suffered major consequences from the British.
When the French traders first met the Sioux tribe, they wanted the furs of animals that lived there and in return the Siouans received some goods such as flint and steel as well as guns and other weapons. This helped both the Siouans and the French because they were able to gain new information and products or resources.
当法国商人第一次见到苏族部落时，他们想要得到生活在那里的动物的皮毛，作为回报，苏族得到了一些货物，如燧石、钢铁以及枪支和其他武器。这对苏人和法国人都有帮助，因为他们能够获得新的信息、产品或资源。
When the British first met the indigenous people of Australia, they wanted to claim the land and thought that no one owned it. So they decided to ship their convicts over to Australia because they needed more space. The Aborigines didn’t want them there because they were greedy and stole their valuable resources and didn’t give much in return. This was terrible and so the Aborigines tried to force them to leave which resulted in the death of many Aborigines.
This is very different because the initial result for the Siouans was helpful whereas the result for the Aboriginals was brutal and fatal. Though the end the result for both groups were similar because that they both ended up fighting wars.
Consequences of Colonization and Comparison to Aboriginal Experiences殖民的后果和与土著经验的比较
The result of colonization for the Sioux tribe started off quite well because they were given new resources and goods such as horses, cloth and guns. Unfortunately, with new resources came new diseases that the Siouans had no immunity over such as small pox which killed many of the Siouans. Cultural differences also caused mass destruction in the Sioux tribe. The Siouans believed in different things compared to the Europeans which caused distrust leading into major arguments and battles or clashes where many people were killed. Treaties were made by both sides, but people changed these treaties which were then ignored.
对苏族部落来说，殖民的结果开始得很好，因为他们得到了新的资源和商品，如马、布和枪。不幸的是，随着新资源的出现，苏族人对新的疾病没有免疫力，比如杀死了许多苏族人的天花。文化差异也导致了苏族部落的大规模破坏。苏族人的信仰与欧洲人不同，这导致了不信任，导致了重大的争论、战斗或冲突，许多人因此丧生。双方都签订了条约，但是人们改变了这些条约，这些条约被忽视了。
Soon, the Sioux and other nations were given reservation land to live on, but frequently they were relocated when valuable commodities such as gold were found on their lands. After a long period of time with the Europeans, they began fighting at war again because of land and resources that the Siouans were receiving. This caused major conflict between the groups and soon the Siouans were forced to leave their land.
For the Spanish and other Europeans, colonization was quite rewarding for them from the beginning and afterwards although it led to the death of many Siouans and Europeans. It was rewarding for the Europeans because they eventually got what they originally intended. They obtained the land and resources they wanted as well as their precious gold. This was wonderful for the Europeans because it meant that they had huge masses of land and they could easily expand their territories across the whole of America. By taking the land, the Europeans became extremely powerful and wealthy.
The Spanish also learnt some of the cultural practices from the Sioux Tribes which benefitted them greatly. However taking over the land wasn’t all that great because it meant that thousands of people from both colonies had to be killed in the process of conquering the land. Colonization of the Spanish also meant that they would have to adapt to the conditions of that region which also brought them some new diseases and difficulties because they couldn’t completely utilize the advantages or conditions of the land.
西班牙人还从苏族部落学习了一些文化习俗，这使他们受益匪浅。然而，占领这片土地并不是那么伟大，因为这意味着在征服这片土地的过程中，来自两个殖民地的成千上万的人不得不被杀害。西班牙的殖民化也意味着他们必须适应该地区的条件，这也给他们带来了一些新的疾病和困难，因为他们不能完全利用这片土地的优势或条件。
For both the Sioux Tribe and Aborigines, colonization had an extremely similar result. Once the Europeans and British conquered the Sioux Tribes and took their land, the Siouans were left absolutely powerless. Even though the Sioux Tribes tried to fight back with everything they had, it was still disastrous because their technology and numbers were just incapable of winning. This was exactly the same with the Aborigines because once the British came and tried to conquer the land, they were successful and the Aborigines were left defeated and powerless. The British overpowered the Aborigines with their superior technology and speed on horsebacks.
Land wasn’t the only thing lost from both cultures. Religious beliefs and cultural practices were also lost through colonization. The traditions of both cultures were greatly affected with major losses. Sacred cultures and beliefs slowly faded away because of the massacres which prevented the indigenous people to pass down their stories or Dreamtimes from generation to generation. Both indigenous groups took massive tolls because of the mass annihilation and destruction of colonization. This was horrible because no one was able to live in peace and harmony.
土地并不是两种文化中唯一失去的东西。宗教信仰和文化习俗也因殖民而消失。两种文化的传统都受到了重大损失的严重影响。由于大屠杀使土著人民无法一代一代地传递他们的故事或梦想时代，神圣的文化和信仰逐渐消失。由于大规模的灭绝和殖民的破坏，这两个土著群体都付出了巨大的代价。这是可怕的，因为没有人能够生活在和平与和谐。
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