本文是英国历史专业的Essay范例，题目是“British Colonization of America（英国对美洲的殖民）”，英属美洲是由13个殖民地组成的殖民地，代表了当时发生的第一次海外收购。从1607年到1776年，这些州处于英国的控制之下。1607年对于英国人来说是非常特殊的一年，因为他们开始在美国永久定居。最早的移民点在一个叫詹姆斯敦的地方，这只是众多移民点中的一个。除此之外，这13个州被认为是美利坚合众国的创始州。这些殖民地是货物贸易和从本土进口货物的基础。
British America was a division of thirteen colonies that represented the first overseas acquisitions that were taking place. These states were then under british control from the time consisting from 1607 to 1776. The year 1607 was quite exceptional for the British because that was when they started to permanently settle in the US. The very first settlements were in an area called Jamestown, which was only one of many. In addition to this, these were the thirteen states that were considered the founding states of the United States of America. These colonies were the fundamental aspect for trading goods and importing them from the homeland.
Furthermore, the establishment in Virginia has to be the most renowned because it was the very first settlement to happen. English's success depended on purchasing shares in joint- companies that could make a large profit quickly(pg46). Colonists then set out on a journey in order to find "precious metals" hoping in return would make then indeed wealthy. Subsequently, arriving along the coast of North America in April 1607, the colonists founded Jamestown on a site on which they chose primarily for its easy defense since it lays within territory controlled by a large majority of Indians.
此外，弗吉尼亚的建制是最著名的，因为它是第一个定居点。英力士的成功依赖于购买可以迅速获得巨额利润的合资公司的股份(pg46)。然后，殖民者开始了一段旅程，以寻找“贵金属”，希望作为回报，将使当时真正的富裕。随后，1607年4月，殖民者沿着北美海岸到达詹姆斯敦，他们之所以选择詹姆斯敦，主要是因为它位于大多数印第安人控制的领土内，便于防御。
However, upon settling down and getting acquainted, they encountered the "Powhatan Confederacy", which is a large and powerful Indian confederation in Virginia (pg47). The Indians were far more powerful than English settlers, which meant that for the time being, they settlers depended on the Indians for support in order to survive. Nevertheless, a shortage of food that was in fact caused by a severe drought between the time of 1606 and 1612, affected both the Indians and the English. To make matters worse, some of the colonists refused to engage in manual labor. More or less, the water that was nearby was tainted by salt from the ocean, and diseases that supparated killed more than half of the original settlers(pg47). During this period, the experienced the "starving time" in the spring of 1610 where of every eight settlers, seven would be pronounced dead since the arrival of Jamestown of 1607.
然而，在定居和熟悉之后，他们遇到了“波瓦坦邦联”，这是弗吉尼亚州一个庞大而强大的印第安人邦联(pg47)。印第安人比英国殖民者强大得多，这意味着在当时，他们的殖民者要依靠印第安人的支持才能生存。然而，1606年到1612年期间，一场严重的干旱导致了食物短缺，这影响了印第安人和英国人。更糟糕的是，一些殖民者拒绝从事体力劳动。或多或少，附近的水被来自海洋的盐污染，所伴随的疾病杀死了一半以上的最初定居者(pg47)。在这段时间里，1610年春天，人们经历了"饥饿时期"每8个定居者中，就有7个自1607年到达詹姆斯敦后被宣布死亡。
The colonists soon began to lose hope and sailed home but then returned upon meeting three English ships which brought more supplies and a bigger population. Consequently, the new leaders of Jamestown adopted aggressive behavior and started to attack the Idians home and food supply. They believed the idea that doing this would warn other tribes and make them obey the Englsih's will or else.
殖民者们很快就开始失去希望，返航时遇到了三艘英国船，这三艘船带来了更多的补给品和更多的人口。因此，詹姆斯敦的新领导人采取了侵略行为，并开始攻击印第安人的家和食物供应。他们认为这样做可以警告其他部落，让他们服从英国人的意志。
For instance, later on after the House of Burgesses was established in 1619, Englishmen even started to attack and capture natives which they sold into slavery against their will(pg48). The Indians were later outnumbered and had no choice but to surrender to English Authority in 1646(pg49).
例如，后来在1619年下议院建立后，英国人甚至开始攻击和捕获土著人，并违背他们的意愿将他们卖为奴隶(pg48)。后来，印第安人在人数上处于劣势，他们别无选择，只能在1646年(pg49)向英国当局投降。
Later in the 1620s, the English also futhered settlements in the West Indies and then quickly became the economic engine for English colonization. For example, St. Christopher, Barbados was one of the most attractive places in the West Indies(pg52). English migrants settled in extraordinary growing numbers in which the purpose is to "cultivate tobacco and cotton and raise livestock"(pg53). Eventually in the 1630s, sugar cultivation prospered in the West Indies colonies. Since the British were consuming "sugar in large extremities" and "ensuring the economic success of Barbados,its neighbors and a vast increase in the enslaved population"(pg54).
1620年代后期，英国人还在西印度群岛建立了殖民地，并迅速成为英国殖民的经济引擎。例如，巴巴多斯岛的圣克里斯托弗是西印度群岛最具吸引力的地方之一(pg52)。越来越多的英国移民定居下来，目的是“种植烟草、棉花和饲养牲畜”(pg53)。最终在17世纪30年代，糖种植在西印度群岛殖民地繁荣起来。因为英国人正在消耗“大量的糖”和“确保巴巴多斯的经济成功，它的邻国和大量增加的奴役人口”(pg54)。
However, producing sugar was difficult and brought along problems. In 1640, an alliance was formed with English planters, which offered them "knowledge and financing to cultivate sugar on Barbados" and then would be "refurbished in the Netherlands"(pg53). As a result, it not only reshape the economy but intensify the contest for land and labor(pg53).
然而，生产糖是困难的，并带来了问题。1640年，与英国的种植园主建立了一个联盟，该联盟为他们提供了“在巴巴多斯种植糖的知识和资金”，然后将“在荷兰翻新”(pg53)。结果，它不仅重塑了经济，而且加剧了对土地和劳动力的竞争(pg53)。
Meanwhile, the Pilgrims, also referred to as "Separatists", sailed out on the Mayflower, which landed on the Massachusetts coast in 1620 thus establishing a permanent settlement at
Plymouth(pg55). The goal was to confirm a religious community completely separate from the "Anglican Church"(pg55). While settling, they created a pact called the Mayflower Compact which was the first written constitution adopted in North America(pg56). In other words, this was a step in the direction towards a "self-governing religious congregation".
Nevertheless, a smallpox epidemic happened prior to them coming and refurbished again but far worse. More fevers and even more illnesses which were more deadly to settlers than Indians and by the spring of 1621, "only half of the 102 Pilgrims remained alive".
然而，在他们之前，天花就已经流行起来了，而且更严重。到1621年春天，“102名清教徒中只有一半人活了下来”。
For that reason, desperate to find food they received help from two english speaking Indians named Samoset and Squanto(pg56). They were captured but still wanted to negotiate a peace between the Pilgrims and Massasoit, which was the chief of the Wampanoag tribe(pg56). Massasoit was indeed worried about the power of the "English guns" but wanted an alliance to assist with his enemies and with the assistance of the Indians, the Pilgrims soon regained the health their lost.
出于这个原因，为了寻找食物，他们得到了两个说英语的印第安人的帮助，他们叫萨莫塞特和斯匡托(pg56)。他们被捕了，但仍想在清教徒和万帕诺亚格部落(pg56)的酋长马萨索伊特之间谈判和平。马萨索伊特确实担心“英国大炮”的威力，但他希望与印第安人结盟，帮助敌人。在印第安人的帮助下，清教徒们很快恢复了他们失去的健康。
In conclusion, these colonies had their factors. Non perfect but were beneficial each in their own way. More importantly, they were the foundation for what we now consider as the United States of America.
总之，这些殖民地有他们的因素。虽然不完美，但各有各的益处。更重要的是，他们是我们现在所认为的美利坚合众国的基础。
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