本文是会计专业的Essay范例，题目是“Impact of Implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning System At VIVI PLC（在VIVI PLC实施企业资源计划系统的影响）”，本报告介绍了SAP的企业资源计划(ERP)系统在VIVI PLC的实施的评估，突出了公司在改善其供应链和物流方面可以预期的好处。在分析了ERP系统的特点之后，已经确定了在各种模块中提供的功能，如MM(物料管理)，PP(生产计划)和SD(销售和分销)模块，提供了通过运营，管理和战略三个维度表达的利益。本报告还进一步探讨了ERP实施如何面临的挑战，如系统能力和业务需求之间的差距，数据迁移，数据质量问题和业务流程的重新设计。
1.Introduction介绍
This report presents an evaluation of SAP’s Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems for implementation within VIVI PLC, highlighting the benefits that the company can expect in regard to improving their supply chain and logistics. After analysing the features of ERP systems, it has been identified that functionality provided within various modules such as the MM (Materials Management), PP (Production Planning) and SD (Sales & Distribution) modules, provide benefits expressed through three dimensions of Operational, Managerial and Strategic. This report also explores further by commenting how ERP implementation faces challenges such as the gap between system capabilities and business needs, data migration, data quality problems and the redesign of business processes.
2. What is an ERP System? 什么是ERP系统?
Monk and Wager (2013) describes ERP systems as “core software programs used by companies to integrate and coordinate information in every area of the business. ERP programs help organisations manage company-wide business processes, using a common database and shared management report tools. ERP software supports the efficient operation of business processes by integrating tasks related to sales, marketing, manufacturing, logistics, accounting and staffing throughout a business.” Based upon this definition, it is clear that VIVI PLC can gain many benefits from the implementation of an ERP system.
Monk和Wager(2013)将ERP系统描述为“公司用来整合和协调业务各个领域的信息的核心软件程序”。ERP程序帮助组织管理全公司的业务流程，使用公共数据库和共享的管理报告工具。ERP软件通过整合与销售、营销、制造、物流、会计和人事相关的任务，支持业务流程的高效运行。”基于这个定义，很明显VIVI PLC可以从ERP系统的实施中获得很多好处。
After conducting a thorough review of the various ERP vendors, it is recommended that VIVI PLC should invest in SAP’s ERP system. Based on research conducted by Panorama Consulting Solutions (2018), out of the top four ERP vendors, SAP was identified as one of the most frequently selected ERP vendors in the ERP market, with a market share of 15% (see Figure 1). This is due to the fact that they offer ERP solutions which are appropriate for all business sizes.
3.Supply Chain and Operational Benefits of ERP SystemsERP系统的供应链和运营效益
According to Monk and Wager (2013), the term supply chain describes all the activities that occur between the growing or mining of raw materials and the appearance of finished products on the store shelf. Furthermore, the functions within Supply Chain Management include developing production plans, ordering raw materials from suppliers, receiving the raw material into the facility, manufacturing products and shipping products to customers (Monk and Wager, 2013). Therefore, smoothing the sequencing of the processes in the creation of a product is significant in improving the end product and having overall business communication. Logistics, in particular, focuses on product distribution activities, while supply chain involves creation and obtaining of materials (Journal of Retailing, 2015).
根据Monk和Wager(2013)，供应链描述了所有发生在原材料的生长或开采和成品在商店货架上的出现之间的活动。此外，供应链管理的功能包括制定生产计划，从供应商订购原材料，接收原材料进入设施，制造产品和运输产品给客户(Monk和Wager, 2013年)。因此，在产品创建过程中，平滑流程的顺序对于改善最终产品和进行全面的业务沟通具有重要意义。特别是物流，侧重于产品的分销活动，而供应链涉及到材料的创造和获取(Journal of Retailing, 2015)。
According to SupplyChainQuarterly (2011), company profits can rocket dramatically if costs are saved from the supply chain and logistics process. Annual savings can be as high as $2 million – $10 million depending on the size of the company (O’Byrne, 2011). As an electrical company, VIVI PLC could potentially gain benefits such as these and much more, which are outlined below.
3.1 Integrated Systems and Streamlined Business Processes
The implementation of SAP’s ERP system can facilitate VIVI PLC’s aim to increase efficiency and streamline their current operations. SAP offers multiple modules which are designed for each business area such as, Sales & Marketing, Production and Finance.
SAP’s Material Master Data is a central repository which contains descriptions of all materials than an organisation procures, produces and keeps in stock (SAP.com, n.d.). SAP’s Material Master Data can be used by VIVI PLC to integrate data from the sales, procurement, production, accounting and distribution departments (SAP, n.d.). This can give the company a single view of the supply chain data, therefore, lead to more efficient manufacturing operations, better inventory management and reduced cycle times. Thus, resulting in reduced costs (Partida, 2012). As shown in Figure 2, SAP’s Material Master Data integrates various data views.
SAP的材料主数据是一个中央存储库，它包含了组织采购、生产和储存的所有材料的描述。VIVI PLC可以使用SAP的材料主数据来整合来自销售、采购、生产、会计和分销部门(SAP, n.d.)的数据。这可以给公司一个供应链数据的单一视图，因此，导致更高效的制造操作，更好的库存管理和减少周期时间。从而降低了成本(Partida, 2012)。如图2所示，SAP的Material Master Data集成了各种数据视图。
Here are examples of the information included in each view of the Material Master Data:
BASIC DATA: Provides information such as the description, unit of measure, weight and volume of a particular material (see Figure 3).
MATERIALS REQUIREMENT PLANNING (MRP): As seen in Figure 4 below, information which can help with planning and inventory control for a certain material can be viewed. For example, planned delivery time, minimum safety stock and plant location. This information can be used by VIVI PLC’s procurement team to prevent over-purchasing & also by the production team to plan production based on the expected delivery time of the required materials.
ACCOUNTING & COSTING: Provides information in regard to the value and pricing calculations for a certain material (see Figure 5 below). For example, standard price (1,500.00) and future planned price (1,610.31). This information can be used by the accounting team at VIVI PLC when they are producing reports, this is important as Magal and Word (2012) state that “financial accounting is the ‘heart’ of the ERP system”.
The integration of all the material data being in a single database could also help the company to eliminate the issue of data redundancy (SAP.com, n.d.). By maintaining one database only, it can simplify the way VIVI PLC manages their business. It can assist reduction in the amount of time spent trying to find key information that is stored in different systems and locations within the company currently.
Furthermore, it will potentially encourage collaboration between business areas, avoid duplication of data and track the progress of work across each department. For example, Kelloggs’ SAP implementation led them to increase their overall operational efficiency and reduce costs (UPP, 2017). This is aided by their ability to monitor stock which helped them allocate costs. Many data simulations can be run which will save them over $1 million in 5 years (AWS, 2013).
3.2 Improved Materials Management & Production Planning
VIVI PLC can use the Bill of Materials (BoM) and Routing documentation from SAP to help them improve their materials management and production planning operations. A Bill of Materials can be described as “the components that are necessary to produce a material” (Magal and Word, 2012). The Bill of Materials can be viewed as a hierarchy graphic (as seen in Figure 6) or a table of text, as seen in Figure 7. This information can be used by the manufacturing and procurement teams in the firm, so they can know the exact materials to order, how much to purchase and where to purchase the raw materials and parts from (Mandy, 2015).
As well as BoM, a Routing document can improve production planning of a business. This is because it specifies the stages that are involved in manufacturing the finished product (Guru99, 2017). For example, during the production of a Motorcycle, a stage involved is assembling the Engine. As shown in Figure 8, a routing document can be used to record information such as the work centre and plant (e.g. Hamburg) responsible for assembling the Engine, set up time (e.g. 0 mins), machine time (120 mins) and labour time (135 mins) required. After this information is entered, a graphical representation of the document is created to provide a clear overview of the manufacturing process, as shown in Figure 9.
The routing document can be used as a template for a production schedule as well as a basis for product costing (Guru99, 2017). Overall, accurate BoM and Routing documentation can ensure that a business’ products are produced according to the required specification and on time which will therefore, boost VIVI PLC’s overall efficiency, productivity and profitability (Mandy, 2015).
3.3 Automation of Processes
An ERP system will automate business operations, reduce manual input and eliminate repetitive processes (Workwise LLC, n.d.). SAP offers functionality which can be used to automatically calculate the cost estimate for a particular product based on the BoM and routing which was created previously. For example, once the Costing Data has been entered (see Figure 10), the cost of manufacturing a Motorcycle (£1,610.31) was automatically calculated (see Figure 11). This can help reduce the time taken for the accounting team at VIVI PLC to complete costing calculations as they are no longer required to manually calculate costs.
The estimated cost calculated, can be viewed in an “itemized” list, which provides a clear layout for users to analyse costs. The cost of manufacturing is broken down into manufacturing and material costs for semi-finished products, along with the administration costs involved in production (see Figure 12).
3.4 Supplier Integration
Supply chain management involves connecting a “company to other companies that supply the materials it needs to make its products” (Magal and Word, 2012).
VIVI PLC. could improve supply chain visibility and reduce lead time for procuring materials from suppliers by sharing inventory and sales information via SAP’s ERP system. As seen in figure for Display Vendor Address and Purchasing Data, a Vendor Master Data document detailing information such as, the name, address, and terms of payment for VIVI PLC’s network of trusted suppliers can be created (SAP, n.d.). This information can also be maintained in a Source List (see Figure 14), which outlines which supplier a material can be procured from (SAP, n.d.). For example, as displayed in Figures 13 and 14, the assigned vendor number (e.g. 100540) shown in the source list for the raw materials, matches the approved vendor maintained in the Vendor Master Data. This can help the procurement team to control purchasing.
昕薇PLC。通过SAP的ERP系统共享库存和销售信息，可以提高供应链的可视性，减少从供应商采购材料的交货期。如图显示供应商地址和采购数据所示，可以创建一个供应商主数据文档，其中详细说明了VIVI PLC的可信任供应商网络的名称、地址和付款条款等信息(SAP, n.d.)。这个信息也可以在一个源列表中维护(见图14)，它概述了一个材料可以从哪个供应商(SAP, n.d.)采购。例如，如图13和14所示，原材料来源列表中所示的分配的供应商编号(例如100540)与供应商主数据中维护的已批准的供应商相匹配。这可以帮助采购团队控制采购。
In addition, SAP has the functionality of executing an MRP run; checking the warehouse stock, to identify whether there are enough materials available to meet the order, and if not, exactly how much stock needs to be purchased from suppliers (Rouse, n.d.). For example, as shown in Figure 11, the results from an MRP run identified that there is a dependency on four key components, of which 3 planned orders and 2 purchase requisitions are required to meet a sales order of 100 Motorcycles. As a result, a purchase requisition is automatically created for the raw materials which need to be purchased from a supplier (see Figure SAP Purchase Requisitions).
Once the purchase requisition has been approved, a purchase order (see Figure 16) can be automatically sent to the assigned supplier maintained in the source list for each material.
After National Grid implemented SAP to consolidate its internal and external catalogue system, the company now collaborate and transact with suppliers seamlessly and more easily onboard new suppliers (Miller, 2016). Almost all their suppliers now being on the same network and have improved supply chain transactions with faster data and they have gone from a 10- 50% error rate down to less than half a percent (Miller, 2016).
3.5 Reduced Inventory Held & Manufacturing Costs
According to Leão, (2015), an ERP system could potentially reduce inventory held by 20%, consequently reducing manufacturing costs by 5% to 10%. This can be achieved by adopting a just in time (JIT) system, using accurate and real-time inventory information produced from an MRP run. Thus, improving integration and communication with suppliers. JIT is an “inventory management system, used to manage the stock that is kept in storage. It involves receiving goods from suppliers as and when they are required, rather than carrying a large inventory at once” (Barlow, 2015).
Companies who adopt a JIT system have a more cost-efficient method of holding stock (Barlow, 2015). For example, Dell reduced their inventory held from holding it from 20 – 25 days of inventory to having no warehouses whatsoever and no more than 2 hours of inventory being held in its factories (Breen, 2004). This is due to their efficient JIT inventory system and very good supplier integration (Breen, 2004).
SAP’s ERP system can facilitate a JIT system as each time a sales order is entered (see Figure 17A), it can automatically trigger an MRP run (see Figure 18). This can enable VIVI PLC to share sales and inventory information with suppliers when required to meet demand rather than storing large volumes of raw materials and finished products.
3.6 Improved Data Accuracy
Moreover, SAP offers functionality that can ensure that VIVI PLC’s stock level information is accurate and updated in real-time. As shown in Figure 19 and 20, a goods receipt document is created when goods are received at the warehouse from a supplier. The stock level is then automatically updated to include the quantity of the goods received.
As demonstrated in the examples above, once data is entered into the system, the information is transferred in real time to all parts of the business that need it. As a result, the amount of manual stock takes decreases and the accuracy of stock management and financial reports improves. For example, Serosep were able to reduce the number of stock takes per year by 12 and save 4 days per month for reporting (Milner Browne, 2010). Through the use of SAP’s ERP system, they gained real-time access to stock levels without relying on time-consuming manual checks (Milner Browne, 2010). Additionally, important financial reports were significantly streamlined, whereas previously staff spent days collecting data from different spreadsheets (Milner Browne, 2010).
4.Potential Problems with ERP ImplementationsERP实施的潜在问题
While a successful ERP implementation can offer many benefits as discussed in Chapter 3, ERP implementation can also pose some challenges.
正如第3章所讨论的，成功实施ERP可以带来很多好处，但实施ERP也会带来一些挑战。
4.1 Time & Ease of Integration
ERP implementations can be highly time-consuming. An example of integration failure is Hershey’s SAP implementation in 1999. They hastily invested into the SAP ERP system and it didn’t work in their favor. Despite being recommended an implementation time of 48 months, they demanded a 30-month turnaround. This resulted in the scheduling demands to coincide with one of their busiest periods. Hence, corners were cut in order to meet the scheduling demands, hence the overall implementation lacked. Consequently, Hershey’s was incapable of processing $100 million worth of Kiss and Jolly Rancher orders, even though it had most of the inventory in stock. This operational paralysis led to a 19% drop in quarterly profit and 8% decline in stock price (Ross, 2011).
It is important to keep in mind that the application of an ERP system is made consistent across the whole business. Hence maintenance and communication are key. Therefore, there is a strong need for effective ERP system testing and implementation in order to mitigate exposure to the failure risks. Ross (2011) suggested that having the support, resources and long-term goals in place to maintain the unanimous decisions is key to a successful execution, along with backing from the top management.
4.2 Cost/Budget
Research conducted by Panorama Consulting (2018) identifies that, a common reason for implementation failures, or in this case budget overruns, is not having eyes wide open as to where the cost and time dedicated to the project will arise (see Figure 21). A more realistic approach is to consider viable ERP solutions, flexible enough and scalable enough to support current and future growth, aligning with the organization’s business and IT strategies (Panorama Consulting, 2018).
4.3 Limited Customisation
SAP offers multiple modules which can be integrated, however, it may be difficult to customize the system to meet VIVI PLC’s every business requirement. Too much customization adds risks as it could slow down the project and make it difficult to upgrade the system in the future (Rajesh, 2011). For example, Nike spent $400-million-dollars on implementing their ERP system, resulting in a $100-million-dollar loss in sales due to drops in demand forecasting and customization. There was a lack of testing and adaptation to changes (CNET, 2002). Hence, managing changes is significant to build employee trust and belief in business restructuring. Training, management, supervision and support can improve this.
SAP提供了多个可以集成的模块，但是要定制系统来满足VIVI PLC的每一个业务需求可能会很困难。过多的定制会增加风险，因为它可能会减慢项目的速度，并使系统在未来难以升级(Rajesh, 2011)。例如，耐克在实施ERP系统上花费了4亿美元，由于需求预测和定制化的下降，导致了1亿美元的销售损失。缺乏对变化的测试和适应(CNET, 2002)。因此，管理变革对于建立员工对企业重组的信任和信念具有重要意义。培训、管理、监督和支持可以改善这一点。
4.4 Change Management
VIVI PLC. is unfamiliar with the use of an SAP ERP system, therefore, there is a possibility that the change of systems may not be accepted by senior management and operational staff. This is because the organisational culture may change as a result of the new processes. The participation of users is very important for successful implementation of ERP projects (Rajesh, 2011). Hence, it is important that all employees including senior management are informed of the potential benefits to be realised through the successful implementation of SAP’s ERP system. Also, ERP systems can be difficult to learn and use (Rajesh, 2011), therefore user training should be carried out to ensure Global Widgets Plc. is able to effectively use the system implemented.
In addition, processes and documents will need to be updated. Thus, it is advised that a strong project and change management team is formed to manage and support the ERP project throughout (Panorama Consulting Solutions, 2018).
5.Conclusion结论
To conclude, based on the information discussed above, it is clear that VIVI PLC can gain many benefits both internally and externally through the implementation of SAP’s ERP system. VIVI PLC can improve operational processes and realise an agile and aligned supply chain (Lee, 2004), in order to respond quickly to meet demand and improve customer service.
综上所述，根据上面讨论的信息，很明显VIVI PLC可以通过SAP的ERP系统的实施在内部和外部获得很多好处。VIVI PLC可以改进操作流程，实现敏捷和一致的供应链(Lee, 2004)，以快速响应满足需求和改善客户服务。
This can be achieved through an integrated system which can, encourage communication and collaboration between departments, improve the accuracy of information and improve relationships with suppliers. Thus, reducing the amount of inventory held and lead times, as well as, increasing efficiency and productivity. This is what VIVI PLC need as their current systems are not providing sufficient or accurate information, hence, implementing SAP’s ERP system will solve these problems.
这可以通过一个集成的系统来实现，它可以鼓励部门之间的沟通和协作，提高信息的准确性，并改善与供应商的关系。因此，减少库存和交货期，以及，提高效率和生产力。这正是VIVI PLC所需要的，因为他们目前的系统不能提供足够或准确的信息，因此，实施SAP的ERP系统将解决这些问题。
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