英国留学作业代写-英国支付系统监管的治理规范。本文是一篇由本站代写服务提供的英国留学作业写作范文，主要内容是讲述为了清楚地了解公司治理准则在公共部门组织中的作用，并确定治理在公共部门机构中的作用。本篇留学作业将对英国支付系统监管机构的治理准则和治理进行批判性分析。
要被视为对环境负责的组织，监管机构需要按照良好的公司治理准则行事，监管机构必须在其经营环境中对社会负责。欧盟委员会将企业社会责任定义为“将环境和社会利益纳入商业运营及其与利益相关者的协同作用的非强制性综合。”以下内容就是这篇英国留学作业范文，供参考。
To get a clear understanding of the role of the corporate governance codes in public sector organizations and to identify the role of governance in public sector organisations I will be critically analysing the governance codes and governance of the UK’s Payment Systems Regulators (PSR).
To be regarded as an organisation which is responsible towards its environments, regulating bodies need to act in accordance with good corporate governance codes, regulating bodies need to act socially responsible in the environment they operate in. The European Commission (2002) defines corporate social responsibility (CRS) as “the non-obligatory synthesis of the environmental and social interest into the business operations and into their synergy with stakeholders.”
After the 2008 financial crises, it has become imperative that financial service providers abide with ‘good’ corporate governance codes. Corporate governance is defined as “the system by which organisations are directed and controlled” by the Cadbury Report (1992). The report states how organisations should structure and allocate responsibilities of its directors. According to Dimsdale and Prevezer (1994), the main objective of corporate governance particularly in the UK is the relationship concerning the organisation’s management and its stakeholders.
本篇留学作业指出2008年金融危机后，金融服务提供商必须遵守“良好”的公司治理准则。《凯伯里报告》将公司治理定义为“指导和控制组织的体系”。该报告阐述了组织应如何构建和分配其董事的职责。根据Dimsdale和Prevezer，公司治理的主要目标，特别是在英国，是与组织管理层及其利益相关者的关系。
The Cadbury Committee produced the UK corporate governance code (referred to as the ‘code’) which is part of the UK company law. The code has agreed on good corporate governance principals which aim at the companies listed on the London Stock Exchange. The code is regulated by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) and it vitally originates from the FCA’s listing rules.
凯伯里委员会制定了英国公司治理准则（简称“准则”），该准则是英国公司法的一部分。留学作业认为该准则已就针对伦敦证券交易所上市公司的良好公司治理原则达成一致。该准则由财务报告委员会监管，它源自FCA的上市规则。
To make certain that organisations are following the established rules, the role of regulatory bodies have been established to help monitor and enforce the rules for businesses operating in their respective sectors. Companies have to comply with the rules established and enforced by their regulatory bodies.
为了确保各组织遵守既定规则，设立了监管机构的作用，以帮助监督和执行在各自行业运营的企业的规则。公司必须遵守其监管机构制定和执行的规则。
In April 2015 FCA established a separate body to help regulate the payments services in the UK because of the requirements in the Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 (FSBRA). The payment systems (PS) help forms the most crucial part of the UK’s financial system, facilitating the transfer of money between customers and institutions’. This sort of regulatory body is the first to be established in the world.
2015年4月，根据《2013年金融服务（银行改革）法》的要求，FCA成立了一个独立的机构，以帮助监管英国的支付服务。支付系统有助于形成英国金融系统中最关键的部分，促进客户和机构之间的资金转移。这种监管机构是世界上第一个成立的。
The purpose of PSR is to ensure that payments are transferred between businesses, companies, and consumers. It does not only focus on regulating the PS, but also regulates the infrastructure providers and payment service providers (PSPs), such as building societies and banks which work with these systems (Payment systems regulator who we are and what we do TM, 2016).
PSR的目的是确保付款在企业、公司和消费者之间转移。它不仅专注于监管PS，还监管基础设施提供商和支付服务提供商，如与这些系统合作的建筑协会和银行。
The UK corporate governance Code has been updated in April 2016 and has five main principals to the code. The code provides a guide to the key components for a productive board. The code’s underlying principles are: Transparency, probity, accountability and focus on the success of the organization for the long term. The code has five main principals which are: leadership, effectiveness, accountability, remuneration and relationship with shareholders.
《英国公司治理准则》已于2016年4月更新，该准则有五个主要原则。该代码为生产板的关键组件提供了指南。该准则的基本原则是：透明、廉洁、问责，并着眼于组织的长期成功。该准则有五个主要原则，即：领导力、有效性、问责制、薪酬和与股东的关系。
Provision A.1 provides guidance with the role of the board in the organization. PSR complies with the code’s provision A.1.1 by delegating and discussing board duties in sufficient intervals. Complying with the A.1.1 provision the annual report includes how the board is run, and clearly pointing out the decisions to be taken by the board and by the management of the organization. PSR complies with provision A.1.2 by clearly recognizing the organization’s chairman, executive directors, and its non-executive directors. The organization also states in the company’s annual reports the dates the board meetings were held as well as the individual members who made attendance to the meeting. PSR has an exemption under the FSBRA, which means that PSR does not hold any liability in regards to costs relating to the activities it carries out, or omission of its exercise of its statutory purposes. Hence, PSR has not purchased liability insurance for its directors. This exemption suggests that PSR does not comply with provision A.1.3 of the governance code.
第A.1条对董事会在组织中的作用提供了指导。PSR通过在足够的时间间隔内委派和讨论董事会职责，遵守了准则A.1.1的规定。根据A.1.1的规定，年度报告包括董事会的运作方式，并明确指出董事会和组织管理层将做出的决定。PSR通过明确承认组织的主席、执行董事及其非执行董事，符合第A.1.2条的规定。该组织还在公司的年度报告中说明了董事会会议的召开日期以及出席会议的个别成员。PSR根据《金融稳定委员会法》享有豁免，这意味着PSR对其开展的活动或未履行法定目的的相关费用不承担任何责任。因此，PSR没有为其董事购买责任保险。这一豁免表明PSR不符合治理准则第A.1.3条的规定。
PSR obeys the provision A.2.1, which is the division of responsibilities of the Chairman and CEO and roles’ not being performed by the same individual. The PSR annual report states that the responsibilities of the chairman John Griffith-Jones are to provide leadership to the board and to ensure that it runs effectively. On the Other hand, the managing director Hannah Nixon is responsible for the development and implementation of the strategic objectives which have been agreed on by the board. Abiding by provision A.4.2 the chairman John Griffith-Jones holds regular meetings with the NED’s without the presence of the executive directors.
PSR遵守第A.2.1条的规定，即董事长和首席执行官的职责分工以及不由同一个人履行的职责。PSR年度报告指出，董事长John Griffith Jones的职责是为董事会提供领导，并确保董事会有效运作。另一方面，董事总经理Hannah Nixon负责制定和实施董事会商定的战略目标。根据第A.4.2条的规定，董事长John Griffith Jones在执行董事不在场的情况下与NED定期举行会议。
PSR also acts in accordance with section B of the code. Provision B.1 of the code outlines the composition of the board. As the FCA owns the PSR wholly, the chairman, managing director, and two executive directors were appointed by the FCA after being approved by the Treasury. Three NEDs were also appointed by the FCA.
PSR也按照代码的B部分行事。守则第B.1条概述了董事会的组成。由于FCA完全拥有PSR，主席、董事总经理和两名执行董事在获得财政部批准后由FCA任命。FCA还任命了三名NED。
To affirm that all members are independent as required by provision B.1.1 the company secretary of PSR keeps a register of interests. All of PSR directors are obligated to disclose important interests, which the board decides upon on how to deal with. If there is a conflict of interest the board takes appropriate action to make certain of the impartially, independence and integrity of the board’s decisions. Abiding by the provision B.1.2, PSR’s board consists of 4 non-executive directors and 3 executive directors.
为了确认所有成员都是按照第B.1.1条的要求独立的，PSR的公司秘书保存了一份利益登记册。PSR的所有董事都有义务披露重要利益，董事会决定如何处理这些利益。如果存在利益冲突，董事会将采取适当行动，确保董事会决策的公正性、独立性和完整性。PSR董事会由4名非执行董事和3名执行董事组成。
Provision B.2.2 states all members of the board need to be appointed based on their individual skills, knowledge, and independence. As most of the directors of PSR were previously board members of FCA after completion of the term at the FCA board.
条款B.2.2规定，董事会的所有成员都需要根据其个人技能、知识和独立性进行任命。由于PSR的大多数董事在FCA董事会任期结束后都是FCA的董事会成员。
To ensure the effectiveness of the board, PSR has a panel which works independently from the main board. The independent panel is formed to help develop and contribute towards the organization’s strategy along with providing advice to the work PSR does in the society. The panel also provides the organization with advice on the entity’s practices and policies. The panel currently consists of 19 members and is made up of experts from PSPs, payments system operators (PSOs), large and small business representatives, service users including consumer, technology and infrastructure providers.
为了确保主板的有效性，PSR有一个独立于主板工作的面板。成立独立小组的目的是帮助制定组织战略并为其做出贡献，同时为PSR在社会中所做的工作提供建议。该小组还就实体的做法和政策向该组织提供咨询意见。该小组目前由19名成员组成，由来自PSP、支付系统运营商、大小企业代表、服务用户（包括消费者、技术和基础设施提供商）的专家组成。
Along with having an independent panel on its board, PSR also has a Competition Decisions Committee, which is responsible for making decisions in regards to the Competition Act 1998. Their main purpose is to step in in cases where businesses fail to meet the requirements of the competition law.
除了董事会中有一个独立小组外，PSR还有一个竞争决策委员会，负责就1998年《竞争法》做出决策。本篇留学作业认为他们的主要目的是在企业未能满足竞争法要求的情况下介入。
Additionally, PSR also has an Enforcement Decisions Committee which is responsible for ensuring that decisions are made in accordance to FSBRA. The committee decides whether to implement a financial plenty and/or publish the details regarding the failure with obedience.
此外，PSR还有一个执行决定委员会，负责确保根据FSBRA做出决定。委员会决定是否实施财政充裕和/或顺从地公布有关失败的细节。
In compliance with provision B.3.1, the chairman’s commitments are disclosed to the board and are stated in PSR’s annual report. PSR satisfies provision B.3.2 of the code by disclosing the term of appointment for its directors (executive and non-executive) in its annual report, along with also stating the notice period of its executive directors.
根据B.3.1的规定，董事长的承诺将向董事会披露，并在PSR的年度报告中说明。PSR在其年度报告中披露了其董事（执行董事和非执行董事）的任命期限，并说明了其执行董事的通知期，从而满足了准则第B.3.2条的规定。
In accordance with provision B.4.1, new directors of PSR are provided with a tailored induction process and are provided with information background of PSR and the activities it performs to help new directors better understand the role they play as PSR’s board member.
根据第B.4.1条，PSR的新董事将获得量身定制的入职流程，并获得PSR的信息背景及其所开展的活动，以帮助新董事更好地了解他们作为PSR董事会成员所扮演的角色。
Fulfilling the requirements of provision B.5.1 and B.5.2 all PSR’s directors have right to use the advice and services of PSR’s company secretary, who is also responsible for providing advice to the board on matters relating to corporate governance issues.
根据第B.5.1条和第B.5.2条的要求，PSR的所有董事均有权使用PSR公司秘书的建议和服务，该秘书还负责就公司治理问题向董事会提供建议。
Stakeholders:利益相关者
The PSR has three statutory aims that support the reasons for its existence; which is aimed at its stakeholders. The organization makes certain that the operations and innovations of the PS regard and promotes the interests of whichever institutions and consumers utilize it. The firm secondly aims to promote positive market competition for PS and services amid the PSPs, operators and infrastructure providers. The organization thirdly encourages the development of the innovations in the PS specifically of the infrastructure employed to function those systems.
PSR有三个法定目标，支持其存在的原因；这是针对其利益相关者的。该组织确保PS的运营和创新尊重并促进使用它的机构和消费者的利益。该公司的第二个目标是在PS、运营商和基础设施提供商之间促进PS和服务的积极市场竞争。第三，本组织鼓励发展PS中的创新，特别是用于运行这些系统的基础设施。本站提供各国各专业留学作业范文，留学作业代写以及留学作业写作辅导，如有需要可咨询本平台