留学作业代写-企业家的人格特征。本文是一篇留学生作业写作范文，主要内容是关于知识和经验根据舒尔茨的说法，企业家的天赋不仅是天生的，而且可以通过经验和教育来提高。企业家知识是任何公司业绩的重要因素。Brüderl指出，较高水平的企业家教育会带来生产力的积极性，这会自动导致公司利润的增加。因此，更高的生产率有助于提高效率和管理流程，否则会吸引客户，并与供应商和投资者一起获利。Hambrick和Mason也得出结论，公司的成功完全取决于企业家的知识。知识主要取决于教育和过去的经验。通过获得良好的知识，企业家开发出新的创新想法，并尝试将其变为现实。另一方面，Hisrich&Peter；Mcgrath&MacMillan认为，有人认为教育经验确实对创业的功能有贡献，但这些经验并不总是通过正规教育产生的。下面请参阅这篇留学作业写作范文的具体内容。
Ability to set high personal but obtainable aims 能够设定高的个人目标
The concern of personal accomplishment, rather than reward of success 关注个人成就，而不是成功的回报
Knowledge and experience-According to Schultz (1975) states that entrepreneur talent is not only innate, but may also improve by experience and education. Entrepreneur knowledge is the important element for any company performance. Brüderl et al (1992) states that the higher level of Entrepreneur education bring positivity in the productivity, which automatically leads to increase the company profit. Hence higher productivity helps to increase efficiency and processing of management and on otherwise tends to attract the customers and participating profitably with suppliers and Investors. Hambrick and Mason(1984) also concludes that company success is totally dependent on the entrepreneur Knowledge. Knowledge mainly depends on the education and the past experience (Barker III and Mueller 2002; Hadjimanolis 2000).By attaining good knowledge, entrepreneur develops new innovative ideas and try to make them real. On the other hand Hisrich & Peter (1995); Mcgrath & MacMillan (2000) argues that there is perception that education experience do make contribution to the function of Entrepreneurship, however these experiences may not always exclusively transpire through formal education
The environment of the different culture can produce difference in attitude (Baskerville 2003) as well as differences in the behaviour of entrepreneurial (North 1990; Shane 1994) culture knowledge is another aspect which can be understood by entrepreneur. According to Zhao (2010), the cultural awareness could be defined as the understanding “of a people’s historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. Therefore, as Rogers and Steinfatt (1999) argue, culture has very powerful effects on individual behaviour including entrepreneurial behaviour. Vernon et aI (1997) explained that culture is an significant in any discussion of Entrepreneurship because it determines the attitude of individuals towards the commencement of Entrepreneurship.
不同文化的环境可以产生态度上的差异以及企业家行为上的差异，文化知识是企业家可以理解的另一个方面。文化意识可以定义为“了解”一个人的历史和文化背景，以及他们的生活方式、生活方式和思维方式。因此，正如Rogers和Steinfatt所说，文化对个人行为（包括创业行为）具有非常强的影响。Vernon解释说，文化在任何关于创业的讨论中都很重要，因为它决定了个人对创业开始的态度。
Prior hand experience is considered to be beneficial for any entrepreneur and can be expected to have a greater ability to resist unfavourable shocks and to perform corrective actions in a new venture. According to Davidsson and Honig (2003) & Starr and Bygrave (1992) explains that the previous experience helps to lead to an implement skills that critically influences subsequent efforts to establish and build up new ventures. Also Shane(2000) & Ucbasaran et al. (2003) concludes that the individuals who engage in the multiple starts-up called habitual entrepreneur, who develops a entrepreneurial approach and problem solving ability which automatically helps to increase their skill to recognize and utilize further opportunity.
以往的经验被认为对任何创业者都是有益的，可以期望他们有更大的能力抵御不利的冲击，并在新的企业中采取纠正措施。根据Davidsson和Honi以及Starr和Bygrav的解释，之前的经验有助于培养实施技能，从而对后续建立和建立新企业的努力产生关键影响。此外，Shane和Ucbasaran得出结论，参与多重创业的个人被称为习惯性创业者，他们开发了一种创业方法和解决问题的能力，这自动有助于提高他们识别和利用进一步机会的技能。
Propensity to take Risk-Risk attitude influence the entire life cycle of Entrepreneur. According to Cramer et al (2002) & caliendo et al (2009), there is positive linkage between Risk attitude and the decision to become an Entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs tend to be more independently-minded, ready to take risks and accept the penalty if things go wrong.Casson (1982) concludes that risk taking ability and innovativeness are the personal characteristics and more over they have all the knowledge of handling business. Thus, people with more experience, higher abilities or greater knowledge in the field of potential self-employment tend to perceive the risks connected with certain decisions as lower ( Gifford 2003).Caird(1988) also agreed with Casson and concludes that successful entrepreneurs have abilities and knowledge to sense business risks and profitability and try to accurate errors to improve business performance and prospects. On the other hand Grable and Lytton (1998) also claim that the educational level of entrepreneurs is the most important variable in distinguishing risk-taking intensity in businesses.
承担风险的倾向风险态度影响企业家的整个生命周期。根据Cramer和caliendo，风险态度与成为企业家的决定之间存在积极联系。企业家往往更独立，愿意承担风险，并在事情出错时接受惩罚。Casson总结说，风险承受能力和创新能力是个人的特点，他们更具备处理业务的所有知识。因此，经验丰富的人，在潜在自营职业领域中，较高的能力或较高的知识往往会将与某些决策相关的风险视为较低的。Caird也同意Casson的观点，并得出结论，成功的企业家有能力和知识来感知商业风险和盈利能力，并尝试准确的错误以改善商业绩效和前景。另一方面，Grable和Lytton也声称企业家的教育水平是区分企业风险承担强度的最重要变量。
Psychological theory has pointed out that the individual’s risk attitude is only one of numerous personal variables possibly influencing the decision to become an entrepreneur ( Rauch and Frese 2000). Person risk attitude is one of the key variable In the choice between a salaried job and entrepreneurship. According to Chell et al. (1991), there should be an inverse U-shaped relation between risk attitudes and entrepreneurial survival, where low risk attitudes characterize more risk averse and high risk attitudes indicate less risk averse persons. Recent research by Baron (2004) and K¨ollinger et al (2007) provides further explanations for why particularly risk-seeking entrepreneurs might decide to start a business venture, even if low or even negative outcomes may arise with relatively high probability.
心理学理论指出，个人的风险态度只是可能影响成为企业家决定的众多个人变量之一。个人风险态度是在有薪工作和创业之间选择的关键变量之一。根据Chell的说法，风险态度与创业生存之间应该存在倒U型关系，其中低风险态度代表风险厌恶程度更高，高风险态度则表明风险厌恶程度更低。Baron和K¨ollinger等人的最新研究进一步解释了为什么特别追求风险的企业家可能会决定创业，即使相对较高的可能性可能会产生低甚至负面的结果。
Leadership-领导力
According to Graen and Scandura(1987) Leadership is broadly viewed as an interactive process, dependent upon both leaders and followers . and an entrepreneur is often described as a leader who must define a vision of what is possible and attract people to rally around that vision and transform it into reality (Kao, 1989). Hence, it is argued that there is interconnection between entrepreneurship and leadership (Jensen and Luthans, 2006) and to be successful entrepreneurs must possess leadership skills (Colbert, 2003).A leader has to be Entrepreneur aswell.It has been written that Entrepreneurial leadership deals with concepts and ideas,which are related to problems that are not of an organisational nature ( EL-Namaki 1992). Hinterhuber and Krauthammer (1998) assert that in today’s turbulent environment, which demands not only continual innovation but radical improvements in all stakeholders’ satisfaction, leadership is more critical than ever for entrepreneurs. Author agin states that leadership stands onthree pillars:
根据Graen和Scandura的观点，领导力被广泛视为一个互动过程，取决于领导者和追随者。企业家通常被描述为一个领导者，他必须定义一个可能的愿景，并吸引人们围绕这个愿景团结起来，并将其转化为现实。因此，有人认为企业家精神和领导力之间存在相互联系，要想成为成功的企业家，必须具备领导技能。领导者也必须是企业家。有人写道，创业领导力涉及概念和想法，这些问题与非组织性质的问题有关。Hinteruber和Krauthammer断言，在当今动荡的环境中，不仅需要持续创新，而且需要彻底提高所有利益相关者的满意度，领导力对企业家来说比以往任何时候都更为重要。作者阿金表示，领导地位取决于三大支柱：
(1) Envisioning 设想
(2) Being an example and 以身作则
(3) Increasing the value of the firm 增加公司价值
Avolio et al (2004) provided a theory driven Framework for Studying Entrepreneur as a leader, with the focus on experience, self regulatory process, and leader behaviour
Avolio为研究企业家作为领导者提供了一个理论驱动的框架，重点是经验、自律过程和领导者行为
The above theory explores that how a entrepreneur leadership can positively linked to the organisation commitment, satisfaction of the job, happiness to his/her employees. Rhoades et al(2001) add on that when employees are treated in a fair and caring manner, they become more committed towards the organisation ,and more likely to have positive attitude.
上述理论探讨了企业家领导力如何与组织承诺、工作满意度、员工幸福感积极相关。Rhoades补充道，当员工受到公平和关爱的对待时，他们对组织更加忠诚，更有可能拥有积极的态度。
Confidence- Confidence is the key to success for any individual. Very few Entrepreneur need to have important skills, out of which confidence is very vital. Confidence helps entrepreneur to convert an idea into Business success. According to Wilson et al., (2007) self confidence is based on the abilities and perception of the skills rather than objective ability. But Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM) found that there is difference between the level of self confidence & ability to believe in an entrepreneurs & non-entrepreneurs. Minniti et al., 2004) also supports the idea of GEM that there is difference between the level of confidence in an Entrepreneur. Boyd and Vozikis’s theory of intentionality helps us understand the role of confidence here too. They argue that self-efficacy not only positively influences intention, but that it also influences the transformation of intention into action (Boyd and Vozikis, 1994).While many entrepreneurs may have a clear intention to start a business, not all do, and one of the things which predicts entrepreneurial action (i.e. launch) is self-efficacy. High confidence promotes a go-ahead spirit that can lead to success amid such uncertainty (Bazerman,1998)
自信-自信是任何人成功的关键。很少有企业家需要具备重要的技能，其中信心至关重要。信心有助于企业家将想法转化为商业成功。根据Wilson等人的说法，自信是基于能力和对技能的感知，而不是客观能力。但《全球创业监测》发现，企业家和非企业家的自信程度和信任能力存在差异。Minniti也支持创业板的观点，即企业家的信心水平之间存在差异。博伊德和沃齐基斯的意向性理论也帮助我们理解信心在这里的作用。他们认为，自我效能感不仅对意图产生积极影响，而且还会影响意图转化为行动。虽然许多企业家可能有明确的创业意图，但并非所有人都有，而预测创业行动（即启动）的一个因素是自我效能感。高度自信促进了一种进取精神，这种精神可以在这种不确定性中带来成功
On the other hand Forbes (2005) states that the Entrepreneur who found their own business are more over confident than those who dint. According to Griffin and Varey, (1996) ,over confident is treated as situation specific. He means that the individual who is overconfident in one task might not be in second one. Gist and Mitchell (1992) Social cognitive theory tells us that self-efficacy, an assessment of one’s confidence, is situation specific and implemented to the particular tasks rather than a general state of being.
另一方面，《福布斯》指出，创业者比成功者更有信心。根据Griffin和Varey的说法，过度自信被视为具体情况。他的意思是，在一项任务中过于自信的人可能不会在第二项任务中。Gist和Mitchell的社会认知理论告诉我们，自我效能感是对个人信心的一种评估，是针对具体情况的，并针对特定任务而不是一般的存在状态。
The real power to attract money comes from our own self-reliance, determination, and will; not from any dependence on another’s help and support. The power to attract money comes from the psychological viewpoint that I am the ultimate determinant of my fate. One of the reason’s for America’s founding and continuous success was that her people were dedicated to self-reliance.
吸引金钱的真正力量来自我们自己的自立、决心和意志；而不是依赖他人的帮助和支持。吸引金钱的力量来自心理观点，即我是命运的最终决定者。美国建国和持续成功的原因之一是她的人民致力于自力更生。本站提供各国各专业留学作业代写或指导服务，如有需要可咨询本平台。