本文是计算机专业的留学生作业代写范例，题目是“Processing Algorithm For Laser Keyboards Computer Science Essay（激光键盘的处理算法计算机科学论文）”，我们用来与计算机交互的接口是一种叫做键盘的硬件设备。键盘的布局发生了巨大的变化，这些变化演变成了DVORAK键盘和QWERTY键盘的设计。然后是数字时代，几乎所有东西都是数字形式的，这使得东西使用起来更简单，体积更小。
Abstract 摘要
The interface which we use to interact with a computer is a hardware device called the keyboard. There have been drastic changes in the keyboard layouts which have evolved into the designs like those of the DVORAK and QWERTY keyboards. Then came the digital era where almost everything is in the digital form making things simpler to use and smaller in size.
As the demand for more computing environments have evolved, new human – computer interfaces have been implemented to provide multi-form interactions between users and machines. Nonetheless, the basis for most human to computer interactions remains the traditional keyboard and mouse. Ordinary keyboards are reasonably sized, comfortable and effective. However, they are difficult to carry and often require wiring. To overcome these problems a smaller and more mobile touch – typing device has been proposed which does not have any physical support. This device is known as virtual keyboard or zero – form – factor interface.
随着对更多计算环境的需求的发展，新的人机界面已经被实现，以提供用户和机器之间的多种形式的交互。尽管如此，大多数人与计算机交互的基础仍然是传统的键盘和鼠标。普通键盘尺寸适中，舒适有效。然而，它们很难携带，而且常常需要配线。为了克服这些问题，一种更小、更移动的触摸打字设备已经被提出，它没有任何物理支持。这种设备被称为虚拟键盘或零形式因数接口。
1.Introduction 引言
In 1999, a proposal was made to use a single tiny sensor to observe the user’s fingers transforming motions into keystrokes. The main idea was to make a keyboard out of sensors and light, projecting it on desktops, airplane tray tables and any other flat surface. This started a new concept of using a keyboard with a different interface.
1999年，有人提议使用一个微型传感器来观察用户手指将动作转换成按键。主要想法是用传感器和光线做一个键盘，把它投射到台式电脑、飞机托盘和其他任何平面上。这开启了一个全新的概念，即使用带有不同界面的键盘。
The virtual keyboard was designed in a way to replace laptops mechanical keyboards, making the devices thinner and lighter. The virtual keyboard is an unbreakable, washable keypad, projected onto a flat surface used in hospital operating rooms, space vehicles and in other computerized environments.
2.On – Screen keyboard 屏幕上键盘
The on-screen keyboard is built in with the windows operating system. This started a revolution of virtual keyboards in this digital era. It allows users with mobility impairments to type data by using a pointing device or joystick. It provides a minimum level of functionality for some people with mobility impairments and also helps users who do not know how to type. It can be used even when there is no external keyboard. It is also referred to sometimes as hot virtual keyboard.
屏幕上的键盘是windows操作系统内置的。这开启了数字时代虚拟键盘的革命。它允许有移动障碍的用户使用指向设备或操纵杆输入数据。它为一些有行动障碍的人提供了最低水平的功能，也帮助那些不知道如何打字的用户。即使没有外接键盘，它也可以使用。它有时也被称为热虚拟键盘。
A number of advanced features have been enabled to make the on-screen typing easier, faster and more accurate. It lets the users to type accurately and faster by suggesting words based on taps. This technology works similar to the one available in modern mobile phones and communicators, enabling faster and accurate typing by suggesting the correct words after entering a few symbols. This keyboard will be more useful for users of TabletPC, Ultra-mobile PC, PanelPC, CarPC and similar touch-screen devices. The picture below is that of an on-screen keyboard.
3.Laser Keyboard 激光键盘
The laser keyboard actually replaces the traditional keyboard. This can be placed on any kind of flat surface. It can be automatically connected to the nearest device available using the bluetooth technology. It is about the size of a small cellular phone and enables the users to type texts or e-mails as easily as like a ordinary keyboard.
激光键盘实际上取代了传统键盘。它可以放置在任何一种平面上。它可以使用蓝牙技术自动连接到最近的可用设备。它大约有一个小型移动电话那么大，用户可以像普通键盘一样轻松地输入文本或电子邮件。
It uses a light projection of a full-sized computer keyboard on almost any surface. Used with PDA’s and Smart Phones, the virtual keyboard provides a practical way to do e-mail, word processing and spreadsheet tasks, enabling the users to leave laptops and computers at home. The virtual keyboard adaptable technology studies the user’s finger movements to interpret and record keystrokes. As the virtual keyboard is an image projected by light, it disappears completely when not in use. The picture shown below is that of a laser keyboard.
4.TECHNICAL ASPECTS 技术方面
I-Tech’s opinion was to build everything from scratch. In the process, they designed sensors based on a variety of principles, from the special- purpose structured-light devices called “beam trangulators” to methods based on the measurement of time and phase1 of returning light pulses invented by Canesta’s Cyrus Bamji.
I-Tech的观点是从头做起。在这个过程中，他们设计了基于各种原理的传感器，从被称为“光束调节器”的特殊用途结构光装置，到Canesta公司的Cyrus Bamji发明的基于测量返回光脉冲的时间和相位的方法。
The main hardware modules used in the architecture of the virtual keyboard are categorized into three modules namely 3-D optical camera, visual feedback and a processing platform. The camera is connected to the platform and to the PC via USB 2.0 interface. Using serial port the feedback communicates with the computer system. The sensors in the camera are designed in such a way that it avoids all other background light. Together, they cost less than a mechanical keyboard, and draw less power than a cell phone. The resulting system “feels” almost like a mechanical keyboard, even if users feel only the impact of their fingers on the projection surface when typing.
The optical system projects the keyboard onto the typing surface; its infrared light source generates an invisible, fan-shaped beam grazing the surface; and its sensing system includes a processing unit. All are in fixed relative positions; no user adjustment is required. The projector is positioned high on the host device. In the simplest sensor, the camera looks down at the typing surface at a shallow angle through a wide lens sensitive only to infrared light. A finger striking the typing surface breaks the infrared beam, thereby becoming visible to the camera. Triangulation then determines the position of the finger on the typing surface.
Even with this simple sensor, implementation of the projection keyboard under the constraints of weight, size, power, cost, reliability, and usability has involved formidable technical challenges.
5.Technical interface 技术接口
The sensors in the setup used for projecting the keyboard are the infra red rays. These rays are projected on to a flat surface for better sensing of hovering of the keys. The usage of this keyboard is very convenient as it has no wires to connect. The lithium batteries in the sensors allow us to use this setup continuously for 2 hours of typing.
用于投射键盘的传感器是红外线。这些光线被投射到一个平面上，以便更好地感知键的悬停。这个键盘的使用非常方便，因为它没有电线可以连接。传感器中的锂电池允许我们使用这种设置连续打字2小时。
It comes with 63 keys and a full size QWERTY layout which allows the user to be as comfortable as he is with the standard ordinary keyboard. This also has a stylus which allows the users to use the keyboard in a compact area where the resizing of the keyboard becomes a necessity. One of the advantages of using this keyboard is that the size of the keyboard can be altered as per the user.
6.Working of Laser Keyboards 激光键盘的工作原理
The working of the virtual keyboard consists of five main modules – (1) depth map error correction, a camera dependent module based on specific models designed for the range camera, (2) background subtraction, (3) central column estimation, (4) fingertip detection, and (5) keystroke detection. The figure shows the complete working of the basic working implemented in the design of the virtual keyboards.
虚拟键盘的工作主要包括5个主要模块:深度地图纠错、基于特定型号为距离相机设计的相机依赖模块、背景减法、中心柱估计、指尖检测、按键检测。该图显示了虚拟键盘设计中实现的基本工作的完整工作过程。
A 3D range camera is placed over the input surface with a well-defined angle facing the working area. The size of the working area is limited by the spatial resolution of the camera. The display projector is mounted on the camera which would generate the visual feedback for the keyboard and input information. The camera is adjusted at startup. It assumes the surface as a projection matrix. The keystroke detection is usually done through this projection matrix. This is passed as a map and is processed for error correction. The error correction compensates the errors caused by the unevenness of the surface. The rectified range measurements, combined with gray-scale image, are then subtracted from the reference image. It is then stored as a binary format in the matrix formed.
After applying the central column estimation, which is defined as the pixel segments associated with fingers that are good candidates for an event, by searching the local extreme in x-coordinate along the hand boundary, and applying the fingertip detection by extracting features with curve modeling, precise location of fingertips can be found in the hand region. Finally, the keystroke detection is obtained by fitting depth curve applying another feature model, and the corresponding hitting positions are mapped back to the world coordinate system to infer the stricken keys. The updated key status is then sent to visual feedback module to generate refreshed display.
The visual feedback module projects a dynamically generated image on to a LCD. When the algorithm used, detects a key-striking event on the surface, an UPDATE command is sent. The command contains the specific key information. It updates the generated display and the user can see the change of keyboard image as a textual or graphical update.
The information supplied by the camera allows developing a few simpler and more efficient algorithms to estimate the position of fingertips and to locate the corresponding key. Simplicity and efficiency are key elements to enable real-time and even portable applications.
More than a decade ago, (Mark Weiser,2000) of Xerox PARC, said, “The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it”. This fundamental unobtrusiveness is the main metric of validity for the fledgling field of electronic perception technology.The virtual keyboard can be termed a great invention in the digital world. Users look forward for it being used in a more effective way than before. Users also can expect the inventors to make an advancement of it in such a way that it can be used on any kind of a surface.
十多年前，施乐帕洛阿尔托研究中心(Xerox PARC)的马克·威瑟(Mark Weiser,2000)说:“最深刻的技术是那些消失的技术。”他们把自己编织在日常生活的织物中，直到与日常生活难以区分。”这种基本的不显眼性是电子感知技术这一新兴领域有效性的主要度量标准。虚拟键盘可以说是数字世界的一项伟大发明。用户期望以比以前更有效的方式使用它。用户还可以期待发明者对其进行改进，使其可以在任何表面上使用。
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