本文是计算机专业的留学生作业代写范例，题目是“Strengths And Weaknesses Of Artificial Intelligence Computer Science Essay（人工智能的优势和劣势计算机科学论文）”，这篇研究论文在人工智能的背景下简要介绍了机器人的基础知识。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支，研究如何让计算机像人类一样行事。本文描述了一些由于人工智能的影响可能在未来发生的不良影响。
Abstract 摘要
This research paper gives a short introduction to the basics of robotics in the context of artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.This paper describes some bad effects that can happen in the future due to the influence of artificial intelligence.
Since the beginnings of civilization man has had a fascination for a human-like creation that would assist him. Robotics and machines come to existence from this logic Artificial Intelligence to the Hollywood generation is mostly about androids, humanoids and robots. It is about machines going out of control, replacing humanity and world domination. There is a chance of happening this situation in future due to the influence of Artificial Intelligence.
自人类文明开始以来，人类就对一种能帮助自己的类人造物着迷。机器人和机器的诞生就是从这个逻辑出发的，人工智能到好莱坞的一代主要是关于机器人、类人机器人和机器人的。它是关于机器失去控制，取代人类和世界统治。由于人工智能的影响，未来有可能发生这种情况。
1.INTRODUCTION 引言
Now in the society, we are living on a world of machines. We depend on machines for every field of our life. Everything around us are applications of artificial intelligence. Air conditioners, cameras, video games, medical equipment ,were traffic lights, refrigerators, etc work on a “smart” technology . Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science that works on to create a computer systems capable to react like a human being. That is to make machines capable of sensing the world around it, to understand conversations and to take decisions as a human would . Computers have more computational power than the human brain Now, computers are millions of times faster than they were fifty years ago. Human brains seem to be far “faster” than computers for a wide variety of tasks. Still, greater computational speed does make some so-called Artificial Intelligent systems seem smarter.
现在的社会，我们生活在一个机器的世界。我们生活的各个领域都依赖于机器。我们周围的一切都是人工智能的应用。空调、相机、视频游戏、医疗设备、交通灯、冰箱等都是在“智能”技术上工作的。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支，致力于创建一个能够像人类一样做出反应的计算机系统。也就是让机器能够感知周围的世界，能够理解对话并像人类一样做出决定。现在，计算机的运算能力比50年前要快几百万倍。在许多任务上，人脑似乎比电脑“快”得多。然而，更高的计算速度确实让一些所谓的人工智能系统看起来更聪明。
Artificial intelligence (AI) have a great role in the field of robotics. Artificial Intelligence in robotics covers topics like natural language processing, design, human factors, and computing theory. Natural language processing, a subfield of Artificial Intelligence, provides computers with the understanding they require to handle information being encoded by humans. Computer vision instructs computers on how to comprehend images and scenes. It has as some of its goals: image recognition, image tracking and image mapping. This application is valued in the fields of medicine, security, surveillance, military operations, even movie-making.
Since the beginnings of civilization man has had a fascination for a human-like creation that would assist him. Robotics and machines come to existence from this logic Artificial Intelligence to the Hollywood generation is mostly about androids, humanoids and robots. It is about machines going out of control, replacing humanity and world domination. There is a chance of happening this situation in future due to the influence of Artificial Intelligence.
2.WHAT IS AN INTELLIGENT MACHINE 什么是智能机器
When we say intelligent machine it does not mean that it is a machine which can solve any complex program that even humans get troubled. Calculators are not intelligent. Calculators give the right answers to challenging math problems, but everything they “know” is preprogrammed by people. They can never learn anything new. Calculators are able to solve problems entirely because people are already able to solve those same problems.
当我们说智能机器时，它并不意味着它是一台可以解决任何复杂程序的机器，即使是人类也会遇到麻烦。计算器不是智能的。计算器会对具有挑战性的数学问题给出正确的答案，但它们“知道”的一切都是由人预先编程的。他们永远学不到任何新东西。计算器能够完全解决问题是因为人们已经能够解决同样的问题了。
We have generated many computing devices that can solve mathematical problems of enormous complexity, but those were not actually intelligent. They are preprogrammed to do exactly what we want them to do. They accept input and generate the correct output. They may do it at blazingly fast speeds, but their underlying mechanisms depend on humans having already worked out how to write the programs that control their behavior. An intelligent machine is a machine that does not have any preprogrammed data in it to solve a problem. We can also say that it is a machine which have an ability to think.
3.ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS 人工智能和机器人
The most famous of all uses for artificial intelligence systems is robotics. Robotics is the study and development of robots Applications of artificial intelligence with robotics have taken into account in many Hollywood films. From the android Data in Star Trek, to C3PO in Star Wars, people have been engaged in science fiction with countless numbers of computerized robots. In today’s world, those types of robots are still fictional. However even today we use robots in countless applications. The automation of many assembly lines now, we use robots. For example, many auto manufacturers now employ the use of robots in many jobs which require a large amount of strength.
人工智能系统最著名的用途是机器人。人工智能与机器人的应用在许多好莱坞电影中都有提及。从《星际迷航》中的机器人Data，到《星球大战》中的C3PO，人们已经沉迷于科幻小说中无数的计算机化机器人。在当今世界，这些类型的机器人仍然是虚构的。然而，即使在今天，我们仍在无数的应用中使用机器人。现在许多装配线都自动化了，我们使用机器人。例如，现在许多汽车制造商在许多需要大量体力的工作中使用机器人。
Robots have developed a lot by the last 50 years.
Robots now can ‘see’, sense, move and manipulate, executing complex and precise tasks at very high speeds. They have come a long way from the manufacturing field. Robotics have made a lot of progress with the influence of artificial intelligence. Today’s AI machines can replicate some specific elements of intellectual ability. Now with the help of artificial intelligence robotics is trying to create machines that will have the ability to learn just about anything, the ability to reason, the ability to use language and the ability to formulate original ideas.
Computers can already solve problems in limited realms. The basic idea of artificial intelligence problem solving is very simple, though its execution is complicated. First, the robot or computer with artificial intelligence gathers facts about a situation through sensors or human input. The computer compares this information to stored data and decides what the information signifies. The computer runs through various possible actions and predicts which action will be most successful based on the collected information. But, the computer can only solve problems which it is programmed to solve. It will not have any generalized analytical ability. Chess computers are one example of this sort of machine.
Some modern robots also have the ability to learn in a limited capacity. Learning robots recognize if a certain action (moving its legs in a certain way, for instance) achieved a desired result (navigating an obstacle). The robot stores this information and attempts the successful action the next time it encounters the same situation. Humanoid robots are one example of this application. Again, modern computers can only do this in very limited situations. They can’t absorb any sort of information like a human can. Some robots can learn by mimicking human actions.
Some robots can interact socially. Kismet, a robot at M.I.T’s Artificial Intelligence Lab, recognizes human body language and voice inflection and responds appropriately. Kismet’s creators are interested in how humans and babies interact, based only on tone of speech and visual cue. This low-level interaction could be the foundation of a human-like learning system.
Kismet and other humanoid robots at the M.I.T. artificial intelligence Lab operate using an unconventional control structure. Instead of directing every action using a central computer, the robots control lower-level actions with lower-level computers. The program’s director, Rodney Brooks, believes this is a more accurate model of human intelligence. We do most things automatically and we don’t decide to do them at the highest level of consciousness. For example we are not using our highest level of consciousness for closing our eyelids.
Artificial Intelligence has made it possible to interact with computers by using speech instead of writing by the application of computer speech recognition. The advantages of computer speech recognition can be seen in the Hollywood film ‘IRON MAN’.
4.ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MEDICINE 人工智能与医学
Artificial intelligence has a great influence in the field of medicine. We will be able to get the treatment even if the doctor is not present. By taking the advances of sophisticated robotics and taking the advantages of computer vision and signal process technologies in artificial intelligence doctors will be able to direct robots remotely to treat patients. Computer vision instructs computers on how to comprehend images and scenes. It has as some of its goals: image recognition, image tracking and image mapping. This application is very valued in the fields of medicine, security, surveillance, military operations, even movie-making.
人工智能在医学领域有很大的影响。即使医生不在场，我们也能得到治疗。通过利用先进的机器人技术，以及人工智能中的计算机视觉和信号处理技术的优势，医生将能够指挥机器人远程治疗病人。计算机视觉指导计算机如何理解图像和场景。它的一些目标是:图像识别，图像跟踪和图像映射。这种应用在医学、安全、监视、军事行动，甚至电影制作等领域都很有价值。
Since we are using robots for treating they will not get tired and will be more precise and accurate with with there treatment. For example, robots will more accurate with stiching than a human doctor can do.
Many soldiers have got killed in battle fields and have died because of not getting enough medical support. Machines with artificial intelligence can be sent to battle fields for treating the soldiers. Machines with artificial intelligence can be sent even in a space station or places humans cannot get very easily.
5.ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 人工智能与纳米技术
Even though nanotechnology and artificial intelligence are two different fields, they there are so many researches working on with the application of artificial intelligence in nanotechnology. Many progresses can be made by joing together the artificial intelligence and nanotechnology. Artificial Intelligence could be boosted by nanotechnology innovations in computing power. Applications of a future nanotechnology general assembler would require some AI and robotics innovations.
尽管纳米技术和人工智能是两个不同的领域，但人工智能在纳米技术上的应用有很多研究。将人工智能和纳米技术结合起来可以取得许多进展。纳米技术在计算能力方面的创新可以促进人工智能的发展。未来纳米技术通用组装器的应用将需要一些人工智能和机器人技术创新。
Nanotechnology with the help of artificial intetelligence and robotics is working on to create micro machines which can change the face of the world.There are so many application for this if these small nanobots came to exist . They can be used in every important fields of our life. They can be used in the field of medicine for treatment. They can be injected to the body with the medicine and will heal the decease.
Nanotechnology with artificial intelligence can be used in the field of military for increasing the effect and develop defensive shields. Today there is still no shield that can deflect a nuclear explosion; nations are protected not by defenses that cancel offenses, but by a balance of offensive terror. The developments in this field can save the lives of many on wars.
An unFriendly AI with molecular nanotechnology (or other rapid infrastructure) need not bother with marching robot armies or blackmail or subtle economic coercion. The unFriendly AI has the ability to repattern all matter in the solar system according to its optimization target.
6.ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION 人工智能与教育
Artificial Intelligence have a great role in the field of education. Computers have been used in education for over 20 years. Intelligent tutoring systems have been shown to be highly effective in increasing student motivation and learning. Computer-based training (CBT) and computer aided instruction (CAI) were the first such systems deployed as an attempt to teach using computers.
人工智能在教育领域有很大的作用。计算机用于教育已有20多年的历史。智能辅导系统已被证明在增加学生的动机和学习方面是非常有效的。基于计算机的培训(CBT)和计算机辅助教学(CAI)是第一个尝试使用计算机进行教学的系统。
In these kinds of systems, the instruction was not individualized to the learner’s needs. Instead, the decisions about how to move a student through the material were script-like, “if question 21 is answered correctly, proceed to question 54; otherwise go to question 32.” The learner’s abilities were not taken into account in this type of learning system. Even though both Computer-based training (CBT) and computer aided instruction (CAI) effective in helping learners, they do not provide the same kind of individualized attention that a student would receive from a human tutor.
For a computer based educational system to provide such attention, it must reason about the domain and the learner. This prompted research in the field of intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs). ITSs offer considerable flexibility in presentation of material and a greater ability to respond to student needs. These systems achieve their “intelligence” by representing educational decisions about how to teach as well as information about the learner. This allows for greater flexibility by altering the system’s interactions with the student. Intelligent tutoring systems have been shown to be highly effective at increasing student’s performance and motivation.
Technology is neither good nor bad. It never has been. Artificial Intelligence is a field in which so many researches are going on. Artificial Intelligence is the subfield of computer science concerned with understanding the nature of intelligence and constructing computer systems capable of intelligent action. Even though, humans are having intelligence they are not able to use it to the maximum extent. Machines will be able to use 100% of its intelligence if we gave them intelligence. It is an advantage as well as a disadvantage. We depend on machines for almost every application in life. Machines are now a part of our life and are used commonly. So, we must know more about machines and should be aware of the future that can happen if we give them intelligence. Artificial Intelligence cannot be as bad or good. It varies in the way we utilize and use it.
技术既不好也不坏。从来没有。人工智能是一个有很多研究正在进行的领域。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支领域，它关注于理解智能的本质和构建能够进行智能行动的计算机系统。尽管人类拥有智能，但却无法将其发挥到最大程度。如果我们赋予机器智能，它们就能100%地使用自己的智能。这是优点，也是缺点。我们生活中几乎所有的应用都依赖于机器。机器现在是我们生活的一部分，被广泛使用。因此，我们必须更多地了解机器，应该意识到如果我们赋予它们智能，它们可能会发生的未来。人工智能不可能是好的或坏的。它因我们利用和使用它的方式而异。）
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