本文是数学专业的留学生作业范例，题目是“Types of Mathematics and Engineering(数学和工程的类型)”，工程学这个词没有正确的定义。每个人都有不同的想法，所以有不同的定义，但最常用的工程定义是，这是科学在商业或工业中的实际应用。正如我们所知，科学家的工作是去了解，工程师的工作是去做，也就是说，工程师从科学中获取知识来解决问题。工程也考虑成本、安全、性能和给定资源的限制。
Engineering is the word that does not have proper definition. Every person thinks with different point of view so create different definition but most commonly used definition of engineering is, this is the practical application of science to commerce or industry. As we know that the work of scientist is to know, the engineer to do i.e. the engineer brings the knowledge from science to solve the problems. Engineering also give account of costs, safety, performance and limitations of the given resources.
Mathematics数学
Mathematics is defined as the study of quantities and relations with the help of numbers and symbols. So, mathematics and engineering work together as they are right hand to each other because engineering uses mathematical operations in calculation of their projects. Mathematics is very famous in modern industry. So, mathematics is found in every sector of the job market as in engineering research, telecommunications, computer services and software, energy systems, computer manufacturers, aerospace and automotive, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and government laboratories, among others.
数学被定义为借助数字和符号研究数量和关系的学科。因此，数学和工程是紧密联系在一起的，因为工程在计算他们的项目时使用数学运算。数学在现代工业中很有名。因此，数学在就业市场的各个领域都有存在，比如工程研究、电信、计算机服务和软件、能源系统、计算机制造商、航空航天和汽车、化工和制药、政府实验室等等。
Different types of mathematics
Geometry
Trigonometry
Calculus I and II
Linear Algebra
Differential Equations
Statistics.
1) Geometry:Geometry ( geo = earth, metria = measure) is a part of mathematics deals with the size, shape, relative position of figures and also includes solving of space. Geometry is one of the oldest sciences we use till now.
FIG; Representation of different shapes
2) Trigonometry: Algebra is the branch of mathematics concern with the study of rules of operations and the things constructed from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures. It works with the geometry, analysis, topology, combinatory, and number theory, algebra is the one of the most important part of the mathematics. Statements based on these variables are solved by using the rules of operations that apply to numbers, eg: multiply, subtraction, addition, etc.
FIG: A polynomial equation
3) Calculus: Calculus (It is a Latin word, calculus, a small stone used for counting) is a branch in mathematics works on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals and infinite series. This part of mathematics deals with a major part of modern mathematics education. It is divided into two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus. It is the study of change occurs on the limits, same as that of geometry which is the study of shapes and algebra is the study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. Calculus is very much used in science, economics and engineering and can solve using calculus we can’t imagine its solution without calculus.
Differential Equations
Integral Calculus
4) Linear Algebra: Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics deals with the study of vectors, vector spaces (also called linear spaces), linear maps (also called linear transformations), and systems of linear equations. Vector spaces are the very important part in modern mathematics; thus, linear algebra is widely used in both abstract algebra and functional analysis.
5) Differential Equations: A differential equations are the mathematical equations for unknown functions of one or more variables that relate the values of the functions by itself and its derivatives. Differential equations play a very important role in physics, engineering, economics and other subjects of science.
Differential equations are use in almost every area of science and technology. Newton’s Laws also use differential equations which allow one to relate the position, velocity, acceleration and various forces acting on the body and state this relation as a differential equation for the unknown position of the body as a function of time.
6) Statistics: Statistics is the part of mathematics, as it is basically the science of making good and efficient use of numerical data related to groups of individual numeric. It basically deals with not only the collections, analysis and interpretations of the collected data, but also the planning of the collection of data.
Different types of engineering are:
Computer science engineering.
Chemical engineering.
Civil engineering.
Mechanical engineering.
Electrical engineering.
Aerospace engineering.
Electrochemical engineering.
Nuclear engineering.
Marine engineering.
Architectural engineering.
Environmental engineering.
Let us discuss them separately:
1) Computer science engineering:计算机科学工程
All computer programs do some form of counting as a small part of a task. Counting a hundred items does not take a long time, even without a computer but some computers may have to count a billion items or more. If the counting is not done efficiently, it may take days for a program to finish a report which may take few minutes to check. For example, when we want to find winning lottery ticket numbers of all lottery tickets. There are various techniques, and tools, etc. commonly used in software. Examples include:
所有的计算机程序都将某种形式的计数作为一项任务的一小部分。数100个项目并不需要很长时间，即使没有计算机，但有些计算机可能需要数10亿个或更多的项目。如果计数没有有效地完成，程序可能要花几天的时间来完成一份可能需要几分钟检查的报告。例如，当我们想要找到所有彩票的中奖彩票号码时。软件中常用的技术、工具等多种多样。例子包括:
Boolean Algebra
Object Oriented Programming
Data Structures (lists, sets, queues, stacks, etc.)
Algorithms (sorting, searching, traversing, etc.)
Relational Theory
Set Theory
Type Theory
The above examples are based on mathematical calculations.
2) Chemical engineering:
Mathematics is very useful in preparing various components of compounds, as compounds are made of different chemicals so addition of chemicals are properly measured and the quantity to be put are calculated by different mathematics forms, as follow:
Geometry
Trigonometry
Calculus I and II
Linear Algebra
Differential Equations
Statistics.
3) Civil Engineering:土木工程
Civil engineering also cannot move without mathematics as this engineering also includes various types of calculations for a work to be going on. For example: We must calculate how much strength a straight bar will bear (like a bridge) before breakage. How much weight can a cable of c amount of strands take before it pulls apart? The branch mathematics used in this engineering is as follow:
土木工程也离不开数学，因为这个工程还包括各种类型的计算工作。例如:我们必须计算出一根笔直的钢筋(像桥一样)在断裂前能承受多大的强度。一根由c股组成的缆绳在断裂前能承受多少重量?本工程采用的分支数学如下:
Geometry
Differential Equations
Relational Theory
Statistics.
4) Mechanical engineering:
The main work of mechanical industry is manufacture industrial machinery, consumer products, and etc. They may make sketches and rough layouts, record and analyze data, make calculations and estimates and all the above things need mathematics. This engineering also includes topics as thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, machine design and mechanics of materials, manufacturing, system dynamics, numerical modeling, vibrations, turbo machinery, combustion, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning which also needs physics which is based on math. The different forms of mathematics which mechanical engineering want are as follows:
Calculus 1. 2. and 3
Linear Algebra
Differential Equations.
5) Electrical engineering:
Mathematics is also very helpful in electrical engineering. As preparation of circuits consist of many calculations if we want efficient circuit to be placed. Mathematics is helpful as follows:
a) Modeling and study of electric circuits using mathematical differential equations of first, second and higher orders.
b) The design of system such as filters using Laplace and Z transforms.
c) Electrical applications for motion using special equations.
So, this engineering follows following branches of mathematics:
Arithmetic
Algebra
Geometry
Calculus
Differential equations
Complex analysis
Probability and statistics.
For example: 5 gauge wires can carry an amount of current, with a loss of b over c distance. How much wire of that size can we have to lay before we lose too much current for specific circuit?
6) Aerospace engineering:航空航天工程
The aerospace engineering is for manufacturing and maintenance of aircraft and space vehicles. This engineering uses computer and communication systems. So, this engineering includes all the branches of math which are included in computer engineering and mechanical engineering. They are:
航空航天工程是制造和维护飞机和空间飞行器。这项工程使用计算机和通信系统。所以，这个工程包括了计算机工程和机械工程中包含的所有数学分支。它们是:
Calculus 1.2.3
Linear Algebra
Differential Equations.
7) Electrochemical Engineering:
The electrochemical engineering is the engineering which is the combination of both electrical as well as chemical engineering. So, this engineering also needs various operations and calculations for production of various components used in different products.
8) Nuclear engineering:
The nuclear industry consist of various tasks such as production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy To be a nuclear engineer a person need to have proper knowledge of physics, computer, chemistry and mathematics so, in short a person should have proper knowledge of all fields of science including mathematics.
9) Marine Engineering:
As we know that this engineering is related to Ships sailing in the oceans and seas. Ships has to find their way in the water by measuring the directions as there are no mile stones in water as on land. To find out the direction lots of calculations has to be done which need mathematics. The location of the ship is finding out by use of mathematics with combination of physics.
10) Architectural Engineering:建筑工程
Architectural Engineering is a type pf engineering which is used to construct, plan and design of buildings and other structures. So, these work can’t be completed without using calculations and calculations use mathematics. Suppose if an engineer has to design bridge it ahs to do various calculations, we do have formula for calculating strength of bridge
建筑工程是一种用于建筑和其他结构的建造、规划和设计的工程。所以，这些工作不使用计算是无法完成的，而计算使用数学。假设一个工程师要设计桥梁，需要进行各种计算，我们确实有计算桥梁强度的公式。
S=C(1-e^-kt)
Where S=strength of bridge
C=Constant
k=Constant
t=time
11) Environmental Engineering:环境工程
This engineering is related to the developing methods and devices used in controlling, preventing the environmental disasters. In this the scientist and environmental engineers check and develop equipment related to air pollution and recycling of waste products. Water is also inspected and water treatments are also developed. The all above mention work need lots and lots of mathematical calculations. As inspection of various environmental disasters need calculation and there remedies also don’t go without calculations. So, again mathematics is used here.
本工程涉及控制、预防环境灾害的开发方法和设备。在这个过程中，科学家和环境工程师检查和开发与空气污染和废物回收有关的设备。水也被检查和水处理也被开发。上述工作需要大量的数学计算。各种环境灾害的排查都需要算计，补救措施也离不开算计。这里又用到了数学。
Conclusion结论
So, from our above discussion we concluded that engineering is very broad branch and mathematics plays a very important role in it. As I had already discussed the use of mathematics in engineering. We have to do calculations in almost every engineering to some or large extend.
因此，从我们上面的讨论，我们得出工程是非常广泛的分支和数学发挥了非常重要的作用。我已经讨论过数学在工程中的应用。我们几乎在每个工程中都要进行计算。
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