本文是计算机专业的留学生作业范例，题目是“Adaptive Input And Output Devices（自适应输入和输出设备）”，适应性装置是一种结构、仪器或设备，使身体或精神上有残疾的人的生活更容易。这是一个帮助那些无法使用常规版本产品的人的产品。它是为身体残疾的人发明的，如视力、听力或行动能力的限制。适应性技术帮助功能受限或无能力的人更有效地完成他们不能或有很大困难完成的任务。自适应技术还提供了不同的与残疾人互动或增强交流的方法。个人电脑(PC)可以支持许多有身体、感觉和学习障碍的个人独立。
Abstract 摘要
An adaptive device is a structure, instrument or equipment which makes life easier for people who has a disability physically or mentally. It is a product which helps people who is not able to use regular version of products. It is invented for people with physical disabilities such as limitation to vision, hearing or mobility. Adaptive technology helps with greater effectiveness for people with functional limits or incapacities by allowing them to complete tasks that they were not able or had great difficulty to complete. Adaptive Technology also provides different methods of interacting with or enhancements in communication to the disabled. The personal computer (PC) can be the support of independence for lots of individuals with physical, sensory and learning disabilities.
Many individuals with disabilities face several problems in terms of computer input, or using a computer for reading documentation on the monitor and interpreting output. For the disabled, the keyboard, mouse and monitor are the prime concern so adaptive and assistive software and hardware have been invented to provide assistants. Screen reader programs are created to allow a totally blind person to use the computer. These programs convert texts and icons into dialogue so one is able use a computer without the need to look at the monitor.
许多残疾人在计算机输入或使用计算机阅读监视器上的文档和解释输出方面面临一些问题。对于残疾人来说，键盘、鼠标和显示器是最主要的关注点，因此人们发明了自适应和辅助软件和硬件来提供辅助。屏幕阅读器程序是为了让完全失明的人使用电脑而设计的。这些程序将文本和图标转换成对话，这样人们就可以不用看显示器就能使用电脑。
1.Optical Character Recognition (OCR)光学字符识别(OCR)
There are many types of devices which are available to aid the disabled people. They are optical character recognition (OCR), screen readers, trackball and head wand or head stick. An Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a software system which is used to scan printed or handwritten materials at electronic speed by simply scanning the form directly into the computer. OCR is able to scan word characters images through the scanner and then recognition engine of the OCR system interpret the images and turn images of printed or handwritten word into ASCII (America Standard Code for Information Interchange) data. This device allows users to automate data captured from forms, eliminate keystrokes quickly to reduce data entry costs and still maintain the high level of accuracy required in forms processing applications.
有许多类型的设备可以用来帮助残疾人。它们是光学字符识别(OCR)、屏幕阅读器、轨迹球和头棒或头棒。光学字符识别(OCR)是一种软件系统，它是用来扫描打印或手写材料的电子速度，只需将表格直接扫描到计算机。OCR能够通过扫描仪扫描文字字符图像，然后OCR系统的识别引擎对图像进行解释，并将打印或手写文字的图像转换为ASCII(美国信息交换标准代码)数据。该设备允许用户自动从表单中获取数据，快速消除击键以降低数据输入成本，同时仍然保持表单处理应用程序所需的高水平准确性。
The Many Facets of OCR
The process of the OCR devices work
The Optical Character Recognition device replaces the monitor to aid the visual-impaired person. It has the ability to scan printed text or document and then speak it back in synthetic speech to the users or save it to a computer.
2.Screen Reader屏幕阅读器
The screen readers are software programs which provide speech or Braille output. It allows a visually impaired person to read text or words on the computer screen and identify icons on the Desktop or buttons which is graphic like on a toolbar. The user receives info from the computer’s sound card or the speech synthesizer.Screen readers are commonly employed by person who is blind or visually impaired.
屏幕阅读器是提供语音或盲文输出的软件程序。它允许视障人士阅读电脑屏幕上的文本或文字，并识别桌面上的图标或类似工具栏上的图形按钮。用户从计算机的声卡或语音合成器接收信息。屏幕阅读器通常由盲人或视力受损的人使用。
Screen reader also allows the user to navigate the computer using the keyboard instead of the mouse. Keyboard commands which are used by blind person are mostly the same commands a normal person can use on their computer. A special keyboard commands which provided by the screen reader is also used by blind persons.
Besides listening to the information read by the screen reader, some people prefer using a refreshable Braille display. A Braille display is different from the computer screen. The Braille display is usually located close or below the keyboard. The screen reader sends information on the screen to the Braille display. Then, the user put his fingers on the display and read the information in Braille as it appears on the Braille display. Braille displays for useful to people who are deaf and blind and people who work on a job which involve them to speak to clients on the phone or in a place which require people to remain silent like a library.
A screen reader uses text to speech synthesizer to send information out about what is displaying on the screen as it is a memory resident program. Currently, system hooks is use to gain access to keyboard input, menu and dialog box messages on most Windows screen readers.
The screen reader replaces the monitor as it is used by the blind people. A computer can be used without the use of the monitor with screen reader software that allows the screen display available as synthesized speech. Blind people usually use a screen reader to replace the monitor.
3.Foot mouse 足鼠
A foot mouse is a computer mouse which is used by a person who has physical disabilities with high-back, neck, limited or no use in their upper arms. The foot mouse can be used to control the cursor through the computer software program to select text, icon and other item in the same way as a normal hand mouse. Using a foot mouse can be slower, because most people have less accurate control movements with their legs and feet compare with their hands.
foot mouse指有高背、脖子等身体残疾的人使用的电脑鼠标。脚部鼠标可以通过计算机软件程序控制光标，像普通手鼠标一样选择文本、图标等项目。使用脚型鼠标可能会慢一些，因为与手相比，大多数人用腿和脚控制动作的精确度较低。
Most foot mice have two segments. One segment is used to control the cursor, while the other segment is used for mouse click or to select shortcuts. Most foot mice also have straps to help to sustain the device in position on the foot during use.
Most foot mice have two segments. One segment is used to control the cursor, while the other segment is used for mouse click or to select shortcuts. Most foot mice also have straps to help to sustain the device in position on the foot during use.
4.Refreshable Braille Display可刷新的布莱叶盲文显示
Reading an electronic document using hands instead of eyes may be almost impossible for most people. However, it is possible for this to be done by using a Braille Display. A Braille display is a device that allows users to read text displayed on the computer screen. With this device, a person who is blind is able to navigate through the computer’s desktop, edit and create documents or browse the internet. Braille Display is also known as Braille Terminal.
对大多数人来说，用手而不是眼睛阅读电子文档几乎是不可能的。然而，这是可能的，这是通过使用盲文显示。盲文显示器是一种允许用户阅读显示在计算机屏幕上的文本的设备。有了这个设备，盲人就可以在电脑桌面上导航，编辑和创建文档，或者浏览互联网。盲文显示又称盲文终端。
Usually, Braille display does not require to install a driver for it to function properly as there aren’t many types of Braille display and screen readers is able to support most of this device. Once the device is enabled, the Braille Display will obtain the text that is currently highlighted on the display, the screen reader will then translate the text from the computer screen in Braille and the Braille Display will display the translated text on its built-in Braille cells.
The Braille Displays use nylon pins or metal to make each cell of Braille dots on the device. Braille display is refreshable, this means when the user navigate to a specific line of text, the device shows the text’s Braille corresponding and when the user navigates to another line, the device will automatically display the new text in the new line in Braille.
Usually there are eight dots in each cell on a Braille Display. The six dots are for normal character of Braille while the two dots at the bottom are usually for denoting the cursor or highlighting texts.
The monitor can be replaced with Braille Display as monitors cannot be used or see by blind person. Braille Display can be a good assistive device for the blind people as this output device allows the user to read what is being display on the screen.
5.Eye gaze pointing device凝视指向装置
The eye gaze pointing device is an input device which can be used by people who are unable to use a normal hand or foot mouse, keyboard or a remote control. This device is mounted onto the computer and it is set focus on the user’s eye. This device consist of a camera which constantly scans one of the user’s eye and a sofware which analyses the picture taken by the camera to determine which part on the screen the user is looking at.
本发明所述的注视点设备是一种输入设备，可以供无法正常使用手或脚鼠标、键盘或遥控器的人使用。这个装置安装在计算机上，它的焦点对准用户的眼睛。这种设备包括一个不断扫描用户一只眼睛的相机和一个软件，该软件分析相机拍摄的图片，以确定用户正在看屏幕的哪一部分。
Users are require to sit in front of the eye gaze pointing device with a specialized video camara mounted at the screen or monitor which observes one of the user’s eyes. Then the software which works together with the device will continually analyzes the image of the eye from the camera and determine where the user is looking on the screen. By looking at the keys or icon which are displayed on the screen. To make a selection with the eye gaze, the user stare or blink at the certain button, icon or other object on the screen which is equivalent to clicking it using a mouse.
The mouse and keyboard replace with the eye gaze pointing device. Eye gaze pointing device is suitable for people who are unable to use a normal mouse or keyboard with the their hands.
6.Braille Embosser盲文压花机
A Braille Embosser is an impact printer which translate text as Braille. This device makes Braille production more efficient and cost effective as it employs a special translation software to print a printed document. Blind users normally call traditional printers as ‘ink printers’ to differentiate them from their Braille counterpart. Like ink printers, braille embossers also have all shape and size and are used by personal computer users to large organisations which requires fast, high-volume embossing capabilities.
盲文压花是一种冲击打印机翻译文本盲文。该设备使用一种特殊的翻译软件来打印打印文件，使盲文的生产更加高效和经济。盲人用户通常将传统打印机称为“墨水打印机”，以将其与盲文打印机区分开来。像墨水打印机一样，盲文压花机也有各种形状和大小，被个人电脑用户用于需要快速、大容量压花能力的大型组织。
Braille Embosser usually works like a printer. However, instead of printing a text document, this device prints Braille text. Braille Embossers usually requires a special braille paper which is thicker and more costly compare to a normal paper. Some embossers which are high-end are capable of printing on normal paper. Braille Embossers can be one-sided or two sided which can determine the speed of embossing characters per second.
The computer monitor can be replaced with this Braille Embosser for the blind people. This is because by using this output device, it allows a blind person to be able to read what is being display from the computer. However, the cost may be expensive.
Adaptive and assistive devices are very important for disabled people to use computer efficiently and productively despite the cost of the device. These technologies have made people around the globe to use the computer productively. Green computer is very important for computer manufacturers, users and organisation to be aware as protecting and minimizing environmental impact can prevent from global warming and also able to save cost from electricity.
自适应和辅助设备对于残疾人有效地使用计算机是非常重要的，尽管设备的成本很高。这些技术已经使世界各地的人们有效地使用计算机。
绿色电脑对于电脑制造商，用户和组织来说是非常重要的，因为保护和减少对环境的影响可以防止全球变暖，也可以节省电力成本。
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