本文是计算机专业的留学生作业要求范例，题目是“Increasing Visual Comfort with Blue Light in Video（在视频中使用蓝光增加视觉舒适度）”，本文是一种较为接近的方法，当人们在计算机显示器、智能手机屏幕或平板电脑等数字设备上观看视频时，在不同亮度的环境光下，通过调节视频的蓝光来减轻眼睛的疲劳。该方法是利用光传感器获取光的亮度值，然后将这些值立即发送到我们的程序来处理视频的帧。
Abstract 摘要
This paper is an approached method adjusting the blue light of the video to reduce the eye strainwhen people watching video on digital devices such as computer display, smartphone screen or tablet in different luminance of the environment’s light. The method is using the light sensor getting the luminance values of the light, then sending these values immediately to our program to process the frame of the video.
The video’s frames will be processed based on lighting’s values and given the new video’s frames which are reduced the brightness light. The video with reduced the brightness and blue light will increase the visual comfort to the human eyes when people watch the video in different light environments from brightness to darkness.
视频的帧将处理基于照明的值，并给出新的视频的帧，这是降低了亮度的光。降低亮度和蓝光的视频会增加人们在从亮到暗的不同光环境下观看视频时对人眼的视觉舒适度。
1.Introduction引言
In recently years, digital devices are very popular in the world because they are very useful in the human’s life. The digital display of devices is produced from a variety of technology called light emitting diodes (LED). From this technology, the digital display exposes to blue light that is a primary factor causing the eye strain and visual discomfort. Some electronic device displays such as computer screen, laptop, smartphone device or TV emit a lot of the brightness light contained the blue lights which bring to people the eye symptoms. As we know that, the blue light has a short wavelength in the area of the visible light spectrum. The blue light’s wavelength has a range from 380nm (nanometer) to 500 nm; it is one of the shortest and highest energy wavelengths. The sources of blue light include the sun, computer display, smartphone screen, television, fluorescent and LED lighting. The eye strain is asthenopia in the medical term. When people concentrate their eyes on the digital display overtime, they will get the symptoms of ocular as fatigue, tired eyes, blurred vision, headache, neck pain and dry eyes. In the report of the vision council, there is 44% activity associated with the digital device used for work and 43 % for recreational reading. Besides, nearly 30% of the adults spend more than half of waking hours (> 9 hours) using a digital device.
近年来，数字设备在世界上非常流行，因为他们在人类的生活中非常有用。设备的数字显示是由称为发光二极管(LED)的各种技术产生的。通过这项技术，数字显示器暴露在蓝光下，这是导致眼睛疲劳和视觉不适的主要因素。一些电子设备显示，如电脑屏幕，笔记本电脑，智能手机设备或电视发出大量的明亮的光包含蓝光，给人们带来的眼睛症状。我们知道，蓝光在可见光光谱中波长较短。蓝光的波长范围从380nm(纳米)到500nm;它是能量波长最短和最高的波长之一。蓝光的来源包括太阳、电脑显示器、智能手机屏幕、电视、荧光灯和LED灯。眼疲劳用医学术语来说就是弱视。当人们的眼睛长时间集中在数字显示器上时，就会出现疲劳、眼睛疲劳、视力模糊、头痛、颈痛、眼睛干涩等眼部症状。在视觉委员会的报告中，44%的活动与数字设备有关，43%用于娱乐阅读。此外，近30%的成年人花超过一半的醒着的时间(> 9小时)使用电子设备
By using the most commonly digital devices as computer, smartphone, tablets, television,…the symptoms of digital eye strain are 32,8%, that is the highest symptom.When doing the jobs or watching video on the computer more than two hours, people will get stress or some other symptoms. The reason is that some frames of the video have many brightness lights that will expose the blue lights to make people feel uncomfortable. In addition, if the people watch the same movie on day or night with the glare, they will tired eyes, general fatigue, blurring or headaches. As we are known that the brightness video is normal to the eyes at day because the daylight is brightness also, but it is glaring when watching at night or in darkness environment condition.To filter or adjust the blue light, there are many ways to decrease the brightness light and increase the visual comfort such as using blue light filter applications, changing text and background color on the screen, or using the glasses. These methods have some advantages and disadvantages. In our research, we propose the system to process the color of video’s frame belonging to the luminance value of the light environment. Our method is set up a system to perceive the light environment. Based on the darkness or brightness light, we will process the collected value from sensor directly to the video’s frame and display on the digital display after filtering blue light on the video. From this method, the color and histogram of video’s frame will be rendered immediately when the environment changed. It means that if the video is taken from another environment, it will be processed adjusting the blue light to reduce the eye strain and enhance the visual comfort in the current environment of light when the viewer watching.
2.Related works相关的工作
In previous researches, there are many research papers talking about the blue light that is affected to the human eyes. From the blue light exposed website, they are talking about what is the visible light and blue light. Then, they also talk how the important of protection the human’s eyes from the harmful effects of the blue light rays. Besides, this website also presents which symptoms effect to the eyes such as blurry vision, dry and irritated eyes, neck pain and difficulty focusing. They apply the rule 20-20-20: watching every 20 minutes, focus and object about 20 feets and ways for 20 seconds.
在之前的研究中，有很多研究论文都在讨论蓝光对人眼的影响。从蓝光暴露的网站上，他们正在谈论什么是可见光和蓝光。然后，他们还谈到保护人类眼睛免受蓝光有害影响的重要性。此外，本网站还介绍了视力模糊、眼睛干涩、颈部疼痛和聚焦困难等对眼睛有影响的症状。他们运用的规则是20-20-20:每20分钟观看一次，聚焦并瞄准20英尺左右的物体，持续20秒。
They also propose some solutions to filter blue light from digital devices. Kuang-Tsu Shih[3] and his coworkers show the solution to reduce harmful blue light and optimize the spectral transmittance and minimize the color distortion in the “blocking harmful blue light while preserving image color appearance”. Yong-Woo Kim[1] and coworkers introduce the method to decrease the visual discomfort by reducing blue light component. They survey perceived symptom before and after watching a movie and measure the eye-blink rates of the participants, saccadic movements and near the point of convergence in his analysis effects of the blue light. Yoon-Suk Kang[2] said that the brighter video gives more discomfort than the darker video after making the comparison on stereoscopic 3D display, auto-stereoscopic 3D monitor and HDM devices.
Additionally, there are some research papers about reading luminance of the light and turn on the light in the darker environment or turned off it in bright. In the tutorials point, they introduce about the histogram of an image and help to know which image is dark or bright from the histogram. From the “histogram equalization” article, Robert Krutsch and David Tenorio[4] said that which histogram covers all the possible values in the grayscale used is a good histogram. It means that the histogram will be a good contrast and details in the image will be observed more easily.
3.Blue light and visual comfort蓝光和视觉舒适
Visual comfort is a metric that is used to rate the lighting senses. In the recently years, several people make the research about the visual comfort and the relation from the lighting environment to the visual comfort. According to the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), the standards on lighting environment with many parameters as relevant for visual comfort including color rendering index and correlated color temperature. Therefore, there is some research papers are considered on surfaces brightness and color, light distribution and appearance of light and luminaires.
视觉舒适度是用来评估灯光感觉的一个指标。近年来，一些人对视觉舒适度以及灯光环境与视觉舒适度的关系进行了研究。根据国际照明委员会(CIE)的标准，照明环境有许多与视觉舒适度相关的参数，包括显色指数和相关色温。因此，有一些研究论文考虑了表面亮度和颜色、光的分布和光和灯具的外观。
From the CIE, the higher UGR value suggests the higher visual discomfort glare. Besides, the researchers consider that luminance arrangement, LED lights quantity and lighting source surface distribution can be the factor causing discomfort. They said that if the number of LED increases then the glare is decreased. In many case studies research, people recognize that the color affects to the visual comfort in the mood and performance.
As we known, the visible light has a wavelength from 400nm to 700nm (nanometer). It is visible for the human eye and responsible for the sense of the sight. In this range, the longer wavelengths are a red light and the shorter wavelengths are blue light. The blue light has a wavelength spectrum of between approximately 380nm and 500nm. It is one of the shortest and highest energies of wavelength.
Where is the blue light? And, what effect of the blue light to the human life? The blue light actually exists anywhere. It is stored in the light of the sun and traveled through the atmosphere. Furthermore, the blue light is exposed from the digital devices such as PC monitor, smartphone screens, TVs, laptops, tablet displays, fluorescent and LED light. Today, the LED display is very popular. It is used the LED back-light technology to enhance the brightness of the screen and clarity. Unfortunately, the LED has the very height energy of the wavelength or blue light. Because of the development of PC, smartphone,….the digital devices with this technology are used on them. Therefore, people will watch the blue light too much. Besides of some benefits of blue light as boot alertness, help memory and cognitive function and evaluate moods, if people get the blue light emitted from the digital devices, they will get stress and eye strain. There are many kinds of eye strain as blurry vision, dry and irritated eyes, difficulty focusing, headaches, back pain,… They also increase the risk of depression, permanent eye damage or loss vision. There are the research from Harvard said that if people work the night shift and exposure to the blue light to get several types of cancer diabetes, heart disease or increased risk of depression.
4.Hardware circuit and Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor 硬件电路和光依赖电阻(LDR)传感器
In our research, the hardware used to process and transfer luminance of lighting environment is Arduino circuit board. Arduino is an important circuit board that communicates with the computer and other electric devices via USB port. It also gets output data from electric devices and sends to the computer to process. Arduino is very famous microcontroller board with many categories. Arduino Uno is used in our research based on the ATmega328. The board has 14 digital output pins including 06 digital pins used as PWM output. It has the operating voltage of 5V and limitation of the input voltage from 6V to 20V.
在我们的研究中，用来处理和传递照明环境的亮度的硬件是Arduino电路板。Arduino是一块重要的电路板，通过USB接口与计算机等电子设备进行通信。它还从电子设备获得输出数据，并发送到计算机处理。Arduino是非常著名的微控制器板，有很多种类。我们的研究是基于ATmega328的Arduino Uno。该板有14个数字输出引脚，包括06个数字引脚作为PWM输出。工作电压为5V，输入电压限制为6V ~ 20V。
Additional, DC current of each I/O pin is 20mA. Flash memory has a capacity 32KB. Arduino read inputs from a sensor, finger on the button, data from USB or a Twitter message, then turn it into an output as activating motors, turning on a LED or publishing something online. There are a lot of projects in many fields and worldwide community of makers using the board to set up their projects. To do something, you can tell what you want to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. Arduino is changing to adapt to new need and challenges with simple 8-bits boards to products for Internet of Things (IoT), wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments.
LDR sensor is a light sensitive device. It is made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance. It operates based on the resistance. If its resistance is very high, the LDR is kept in dark and brighter when its resistance decreases. When the light is incident, it takes 8 to 12 ms for the change in resistance to taking place and takes one or more seconds for the resistance to rise back again. LDR has a low cost and simple in structure. People use it as a light sensor. It is used for lamps on street or light intensity meters, etc.
5.Making image contrast使图像的对比
A histogram is a graph. It presents the frequency of anything that is provided in the dataset. The graph has two axes: y-axis presents the counting number of frequency and x-axis is the values of things in the dataset. In image processing, the histogram displays frequency of pixel intensity values. While x-axis is the gray of intensities, then y-axis shows the frequency of these intensities. The histogram is very useful in image processing.
直方图是一种图表。它表示数据集中提供的任何内容的频率。图中有两个轴:y轴表示频率的计数数，x轴表示数据集中事物的值。在图像处理中，直方图显示的是像素强度值的频率。x轴表示灰度强度，y轴表示这些强度的频率。直方图在图像处理中非常有用。
It can be used in medical to predict something from X-ray picture, adjusting the contrast of an image or using in thresholding, Therefore, equalization histogram is necessary to get the balance in the image. To enhance the contrast, we make the histogram equalization. After equalization, the intensity of the image is better distributed on the histogram. There are some methods to equalize the histogram such as histogram expansion, local area histogram equalization, cumulative histogram equalization, par and odd sectioning.
6.Algorithm and results算法和结果
In the previous section, the blue light is a primary to make the people getting eye strain and visual discomfort when they work on the digital display devices. The eye strain will make people get stress or some other diseases. If people work or watch image/movie long time on the computer or digital devices at the night, the eye strain and discomfort will be increased more and more. This is very dangerous to the human eyes and their mental. With the blue light exposed from the PC monitor, people work on the screen of the computer or the laptop will increase the stress or eye strain.
在前一节中，蓝光是人们在使用数字显示设备工作时产生眼睛疲劳和视觉不适的主要原因。眼睛疲劳会使人感到压力或一些其他疾病。如果人们晚上在电脑或数码设备上长时间工作或观看图像/电影，眼睛的疲劳和不适会越来越严重。这对人类的眼睛和精神是非常危险的。如果电脑显示器发出蓝光，在电脑或笔记本电脑屏幕上工作的人会感到压力或眼睛疲劳。
Especially, it will be increased more and more visual discomfort if people watch image or video at the night. At that time, the light of environment is too dark, and the video may have much lights of the blue color. So, reducing the eye strain and increasing visual comfort that synonym to reduce the blue light on each frame of the video is very necessary in this case. The problem is how to reduce it?
From our research, we propose the solution to help people reduce the eye strain when they watch the video in the darkness environment of light. Our solution is a system with two parts including electric devices and image processing program. Our system’s structure is described in the following figure:
In the process, if we have the video that is captured from brightness environments. As we known that, the brighter frames of the video caused more visual discomfort than darker video. So, when we watch the brighter video in the dark lighting environment, we will get more visual discomfort. How to know which is the brighter or darker lighting environment? We use the LDR sensor. LDR sensor with the resistor to get the intensity of the environment and Arduino board collects the values of LDR. On the other hand, we get the information from the input video (video’s frames) via histogram. We process every pixel from the input video (video’s frames) with the value collected by Arduino. In the next, we are mapping the pixel’s color after processed into (255,255,255).
Then, we make the equalization histogram for the image to enhance the contrast.
Today, the digital devices are very popular. It always exists parallel in the human’s life. Therefore, watching video on the digital display devices in a long time will get stress, eye strain, and visual discomfort. Our paper has proposed the solution to the viewer when they watch the video by using light sensor-LDR. The LDR light sensor perceives the current light environment, the system processes to make an output video belonging to the environment that is reduced eye strain and visual discomfort. Our solution gives the result depending on correspondence environment brightness or darkness.
如今，数字设备非常流行。它在人的生活中总是平行存在的。因此，长时间在数字显示设备上观看视频会产生压力、眼睛疲劳和视觉不适。本文针对观看者在观看视频时使用光传感器ldr的问题提出了解决方案。LDR光传感器感知当前的光环境，系统处理制作出属于环境的输出视频，减少了眼疲劳和视觉不适。我们的解决方案给出的结果取决于对应环境的亮度或黑暗。
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