本文是数学专业的留学生作业代写范例，题目是“Using Mathematics to Solve Crime(运用数学解决犯罪)”通常，当人们问我为什么想进入执法部门时，我都会拒绝。这确实是一个简单的问题，但答案却没那么简单。这篇文章是我想破案的活生生的证据;这证明了我想成为一名像南茜·朱儿一样的侦探。肯定。当然，人们只会认为，这样一个简单的陈述就可以成为五年级语言艺术课故事的开始。
Typically, when people ask me why I want to go into Law Enforcement, I shut down. It’s a simple question, really, but the answer isn’t so straightforward. But this essay is living proof that I want to solve crimes; this is proof that I desire to become a sleuth like Nancy Drew. Definitely. Of course, one would only assume that a simple statement like that would be the beginning of a fifth-grade story for Language Arts. But this is nothing of the kind, in fact, this is the work of a college student conveying her aspirations in the form of an essay. The purpose of this essay it to draw a connection between math and sleuthing;
I am going to find a correlation between mathematics and criminal justice. According to an interview (conducted by Pamme Boutselis) Police Officer Tim McMillan—Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics— gives us a glimpse of why he does what he does and how math applies to it. When he was almost 21 years old, a couple of his friends were murdered in a home invasion. He recalls that the suspect was caught and prosecuted, but all the culprit took was a DVD from the home.
我要找出数学和刑事司法之间的联系。在一次采访中(帕姆·鲍特塞利斯主持)，数学文学学士、警官蒂姆·麦克米兰向我们展示了他为什么要做他所做的事情，以及数学是如何应用于这些事情的。在他快21岁的时候，他的几个朋友在一次入室抢劫中被杀。他回忆说，嫌疑人被抓住并被起诉，但罪犯只从家里拿走了一张DVD。
“I had never experienced tragedy, and — being so young — it really, really bothered me. Very shortly after that, I enrolled in the police academy and have been working as an officer ever since (McMillan, 2015).” Many people end up in the police force in the aftermath of a tragedy similar to this one. I, on the other hand, cannot relate to any such scenario, but I do have a passion to make the world a better place; a vendetta, if you will. Now, the average person probably knows that the field of law enforcement deals heavily with ballistics, forensic analysis, and chemistry. But, what the average person does not know is that not only does Law Enforcement deal with science, but math as well. According to McMillan, “one of the most successful data-driven solutions I’ve seen in other agencies is the employment of data analysts who examine crime waves and deploy their assets to certain geographical locations based on what the crime stats are telling them. You’re almost trying to predict the future by using mathematics and analyzing past events (2015).” He asserts that mathematics has given way to a huge influx of data and information. “We’re in the computer age, where we can extract data in seconds (2015).” Now, when McMillan started off in college, he was originally shooting for a degree in Criminal Justice (at this point, he had been on the police force for ten years). He decided he didn’t think a degree in Criminal Justice would be worth it, considering he knew all he needed to know—academically—in that area. So, he changed his major to a BA in Mathematics.
“Data analysis applied statistics and applied mathematics are being used throughout the country and progressively in law enforcement agencies, and I wanted to be on the forefront (2015).” He gives us an example of how math applies to his job on the Police Force. He had an ongoing occurrence of cars being stolen from gas stations—where the keys are left dangling from the ignition and a perpetrator hops in a flees. So, they set up a hot seat: a bait car.
“数据分析、应用统计和应用数学正在全国各地得到应用，并逐步在执法机构中得到应用，我希望(2015年)能走在最前线。”他给我们举了一个例子，说明数学如何应用到他在警察部门的工作中。他还经常发生在加油站的汽车被偷的事件——钥匙挂在点火装置上，肇事者跳起来逃跑。所以，他们布置了一辆诱饵车。
The bait car was jimmied so that the perpetrator could hop in the car and drive away, but the Police Force had a remote control to shut the car down and lock the perpetrator from the inside. “I was able to do the time analysis beforehand using applied mathematics — the same procedure that’s in any other statistical research — to determine what times were the best times to do this operation. We didn’t have to go out there randomly last night. We were able to have a plan as to what time statistically tipped the scales in our favor (McMillan, 2015).” During the time McMillan spent in college, his eyes were opened as he saw all the ways math coincided with Law Enforcement, things like the scenario with the car. Who would think math really does apply to Solving Crimes? (Mathematics Applied: Modern Applications of Math in Law Enforcement, 2015) Math is a huge break-through for the field of Criminal Justice; it proves theories and solves crimes through the use of equations and step-by-step analytics.
Modern Applications of Math in Solving Crimes 数学在解决犯罪中的现代应用
In, The Numbers Behind NUMB3RS: Solving Crime with Mathematics— by Keith Devlin and Gary Lorden– the crime-acclimated television show, NUMB3RS, is dissected to prove how math is the secret weapon to solving enigmas. In the show, one of the protagonists is a mathematician, and much of the action revolves around him. Professor Charlie Eppes uses his crazy math services to help his older brother—FBI Agent Don Eppes— identify and prosecute criminals. Although the show is produced by Paramount Network Television and has received high ratings, many viewers deem the story line as implausible: math can’t solve crimes. However, as I already proved, you can. Law Enforcement Agencies and Police Forces use math in every instance they can. The purpose of this book, as the authors describe, is to show society some of the math techniques that the Police Force, the FBI, and the CIA frequently use. “Most of these methods have been mentioned during episodes of NUMB3RS” (Devlin and Lorden 2007). Among these methods are data mining. Tools used in data mining are: Link analysis —looking for associations and other forms of connection among, say, criminals or terrorists, Geometric clustering —a specific form of link analysis, Software agents —small, self-contained pieces of computer code that can monitor, retrieve, analyze, and act on information, Machine learning —algorithms that can extract profiles of criminals and graphical maps of crimes, and Neural networks —special kinds of computer programs that can predict the probability of crimes and terrorist attacks (Devlin and Lorden 2007).在Keith Devlin和Gary Lorden的《数字3rs背后的数字:用数学解决犯罪》中，这个犯罪题材的电视节目《数字3rs》被剖析，以证明数学是解决谜题的秘密武器。在剧中，主角之一是一位数学家，很多动作都围绕着他展开。查理·埃普斯教授利用他疯狂的数学服务来帮助他的哥哥——联邦调查局探员唐·埃普斯——识别和起诉罪犯。尽管这部电视剧由派拉蒙网络电视公司制作，收视率很高，但很多观众认为故事情节难以置信:数学并不能破案。然而，正如我已经证明的那样，您可以。执法机构和警察在每一个他们可以使用数学的例子。正如作者所描述的，这本书的目的是向社会展示一些警察、联邦调查局和中央情报局经常使用的数学技巧。“这些方法中的大多数都在《NUMB3RS》中被提到过”(Devlin和Lorden, 2007)。这些方法中有数据挖掘。数据挖掘中使用的工具有:链接分析——寻找关联和其他形式的联系，比如，罪犯或恐怖分子之间的联系，几何聚类——一种具体的链接分析形式，软件代理——小型的、独立的计算机代码片段，可以监控、检索、分析和对信息采取行动，机器学习——可以提取罪犯档案和犯罪图形地图的算法，神经网络——可以预测犯罪和恐怖袭击概率的特殊计算机程序(Devlin和Lorden, 2007)。
Modern Applications of Math in Crime Scene Investigations 数学在犯罪现场调查中的现代应用
One of the reasons why we have learned math (practically our whole lives), but especially in college, is to develop keen thinking and problem-solving skills. Now, as a police officer or an investigator in law enforcement, problems will find you like food finds its way to a grocery store. Now, are all those problems going to involve mathematics? No, but because you (hopefully) payed attention in math from grades k-12. your brain developed keen awareness, which is what police officers use daily. So, for the problems that do, indeed, involve math, geometry may help you as a police officer. For example, lets’ say there was a car accident, and you’re the deputy in charge of the scene. You need to be able to determine where cara was coming from when it car b.Also, say you get a call that someone was shot, and you arrive at the scene and find everything in disarray. It would be useful to determine where the victim was standing when he/or she was shot/or stabbed—this is called ballistics in the case that someone was shot (Geometry for Police Officers, 1997).
我们学习数学(几乎是一生的学习)的原因之一，尤其是在大学里，是为了培养敏锐的思维和解决问题的能力。现在，作为一名警察或执法部门的调查员，问题会找到你，就像食物会找到杂货店一样。那么，这些问题都涉及到数学吗?不是，而是因为你(希望如此)从k-12年级开始就专心学习数学了。你的大脑形成了敏锐的意识，这是警察每天使用的。所以，对于那些涉及到数学的问题，作为一名警察，几何学可能会对你有所帮助。例如，假设发生了一场车祸，而你是负责现场的副警长。你需要能够确定当车b出现的时候cara是从哪里来的。另外，假设你接到一个电话说有人中枪了，然后你到达现场，发现一切都很混乱。这将有助于确定受害者被枪击或刺伤时的站立位置——这在有人被枪击的情况下被称为弹道学(警察几何学，1997年)。
There are many sectors in ‘solving crimes’, however, a big sector comes from the crime scene. A great example applying math to a crime scene is through the analysis of blood spatter. Blood accounts for 8% of your total body weight, 5 to 6 liters of blood for males, 4 to 5 liters for females. A 40% blood volume loss (internally and/or externally) is required to produce irreversible shock (death). Blood loss of 1.5 liters (internally or externally) is needed to cause the loss of consciousness. The three categories of bloodstains are Passive, Projected, and Transfer.
“破案”有很多部门，但其中很大一部分来自犯罪现场。将数学应用于犯罪现场的一个很好的例子是对血迹的分析。血液占你总体重的8%，男性5 - 6升，女性4 - 5升。40%的血量损失(内部和/或外部)需要产生不可逆转的休克(死亡)。失血1.5升(内出血或外出血)就会导致意识丧失。这三种血迹分别是被动血迹，投射血迹和转移血迹。
Blood spatter evidence in American legal cases did not occur until 1955. when Dr. Paul Kirk submitted his findings in well renown case. The field saw a modernization break-through in the work of innovative forensic scientist Herbert MacDonell. MacDonell trained law-enforcement personnel in blood spatter analysis and developed courses to continue to train analysts. In 1983. he and other attendees of the first Advanced Bloodstain Institute founded the International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts (IABPA). Prior to the 1970s, blood analysis used a system of categories based on the velocity of blood drops at impact: Low-velocity impact spatters (LVIS) that resulted from dripping and were assisted by gravity alone, Medium-velocity impact spatters (MVIS), which were slower than those produced by a gunshot but faster than gravity drips and High-velocity impact spatters (HVIS), produced by gunshots or fast-moving machinery. After the 1970s, these definitions changed. Instead of “impact” referring to the speed of the droplets, it came to refer to the speed of the weapon or object that sent them flying. These new interpretations gave way too many unknown factors. Also, they lead investigators to make assumptions based on outside information — for example, to assume that droplets were HVIS because the case involved a suspected shooting. To deter this, analysts today use more specific terms. LVIS, for example, might be called “gravitational drops” or “drips”. Investigators use calipers to measure the blood drop (length and width). Then, by using the Law of Sine, they find the angle of impact of the blood drop, and later calculate the height of the source of blood using the law of tangents. Furthermore, hairs are often discovered at crime scenes, however, only using math can determine whether it is a human or an animal hair. You can do so by calculating the ratio of the diameter of the medulla (middle, pigmented section of the hair) to the diameter of the entire hair. An animal hair parades a ratio of ≤.5. while a human hair parades a ration of ≥.5.
Criminal Justice needs Math 刑事司法需要数学
The New Mathways Project, a collaboration of The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin and the Texas Association of Community Colleges, writes a compelling article about high-demand fields recruiting students with college degrees in C.J. in the state of Texas. In Texas, 2012. 3.365 students had a degree in C.J. Now, with that in mind, there are many mathematicians out there who are suggesting colleges should “offer multiple mathematics pathways with relevant and challenging math content aligned to specific programs of study” (Cullinane and Tow).
由德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的查尔斯·a·达纳中心和德州社区学院协会合作的新数学方法项目，写了一篇引人注目的文章，内容是关于德克萨斯州的高需求领域正在招募拥有大学学位的学生。在德克萨斯州,2012.3.365名学生获得了C.J.学位。现在，考虑到这一点，有很多数学家建议大学应该“提供多种数学途径，提供相关的、具有挑战性的数学内容，与特定的学习项目相匹配”(Cullinane和Tow)。
The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences states that the “primary objectives of all criminal justice programs include the development of critical thinking; communication, technology and computing skills; quantitative reasoning; ethical decision-making; and an understanding of diversity” (ACJS, 2005. p. 10). ACJS endorses statistics as a must for students in line to receive a C.J. degree (ACJS, 2005. p. 9). According to the Mathematical Association of America, “students in social science majors require a strong foundation in mathematical literacy—particularly in the area of statistics in order to succeed in a data-driven career field” (Johnson and Grant, 2011. p. 34). The Texas Higher Education recommends 3-hour credit of a math class (THECB, n. d., table). Criminal Justice needs to keep using math like cookies need chocolate chips. There are other ingredients to put in cookies, but chocolate chip cookies were the original cookie and therefore cannot be replaced. Math cannot be replaced, it is original. You can use other methods to find solutions, but at the end of the day, math is the only thing that works.
Conclusion 结论
More and more students receiving higher education and aiming to achieve a C.J. Degree are also getting Math Degrees as well. Why is that? Math is applicable to Criminal Justice in the same wa
y butter is lathered on bread. As in the crime scene examples, only math could be used to distinguish between an animal hair and a human hair; that could determine if someone was at the crime scene or not—a human hair sample could lead investigators to a potential suspect, otherwise unknown. Talk about tying up loose ends, I think math could do that, too.
越来越多的学生接受高等教育，以获得C.J.学位为目标，同时也获得了数学学位。这是为什么呢?数学适用于刑事司法，就像黄油涂在面包上一样。在犯罪现场的例子中，只有数学可以用来区分动物的头发和人的头发;这可以确定是否有人在犯罪现场或没有，人类的头发样本可以引导调查人员找到潜在的嫌疑人，否则未知。说到解决问题，我觉得数学也能做到。
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