本文是留学生数学作业代写的范例，题目是“Complex Numbers and their Applications (复数及其应用)”，复数是由面积和虚部组成的数。它可以写成a+ib的形式，其中a和b是实数，i是标准虚单位，其性质为i2=-1.复数包含了普通的实数，但通过添加额外的数字来扩展它们，并相应地扩展了对加法和乘法的理解。
INTRODUCTION引言
A complex number is a number comprising area land imaginary part. It can be written in the form a+ib, where a and b are real numbers, and i is the standard imaginary unit with the property i2=-1. The complex numbers contain the ordinary real numbers, but extend them by adding in extra numbers and correspondingly expanding the understanding of addition and multiplication.
HISTORY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:复数的历史:
Complex numbers were first conceived and defined by the Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano, who called them “fictitious”, during his attempts to find solutions to cubic equations. This ultimately led to the fundamental theorem of algebra, which shows that with complex numbers, a solution exists to every polynomial equation of degree one or higher. Complex numbers thus form an algebraically closed field, where any polynomial equation has a root.
复数最初是由意大利数学家杰罗拉莫·卡达诺(Gerolamo Cardano)提出并定义的，他称复数为“虚构的”，当时他在试图寻找三次方程的解。这最终导致了代数基本定理，该定理表明，对于复数，每一个一次或更高次的多项式方程都存在解。复数因此形成一个代数闭域，其中任何多项式方程都有根。
The rules for addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers were developed by the Italian mathematician Rafael Bombelli. A more abstract formalism for the complex numbers was further developed by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton.
COMPLEX NUMBER INTERPRETATION:复数解释:
A number in the form of x+iy where x and y are real numbers and i = -1 is called a complex number.
Let z = x+iy
X is called real part of z and is denoted by R (z)
Y is called imaginary part of z and is denoted by I (z)
以x+iy形式表示的一个数，其中x和y是实数，i = -1.称为复数。
设z = x+iy
X称为z的实部，用R (z)表示
Y称为z的虚部，用I (z)表示
CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:
A pair of complex numbers x+iy and x-iy are said to be conjugate of each other.
PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBERS ARE:
1.If x1+ iy1 = x2 + iy2 then x1- iy1 = x2 – iy2
2.Two complex numbers x1+ iy1 and x2 + iy2 are said to be equal
If R (x1 + iy1) = R (x2 + iy2)
I (x1 + iy1) = I (x2 + iy2)
3.Sum of the two complex numbers is
(x1 + iy1) + (x2 + iy2) = (x1+ x2) + i(y1+ y2)
4.Difference of two complex numbers is
(x1 + iy1) – (x2 + iy2) = (x1-x2) + i(y1 – y2)
5.Product of two complex numbers is
(x1+ iy1) ( x2 + iy2) = x1x2 – y1y2 + i(y1x2 + y2 x1)
6.Division of two complex numbers is
(x1 + iy1) (x2 + iy2) = x1x2 + y1 y2)x22+y22 + iy1x2 y2 x1x22+y22
7.Every complex number can be expressed in terms of r (cosθ + i sinθ)
R (x+ iy) = r cosθ
I (x+ iy) = r sinθ
r = x2+y2 and θ = tan-1yx
REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN A PLANE复数在平面上的表示
The set of complex numbers is two-dimensional, and a coordinate plane is required to illustrate them graphically. This is in contrast to the real numbers, which are one-dimensional, and can be illustrated by a simple number line. The rectangular complex number plane is constructed by arranging the real numbers along the horizontal axis, and the imaginary numbers along the vertical axis. Each point in this plane can be assigned to a unique complex number, and each complex number can be assigned to a unique point in the plane.
复数的集合是二维的，需要一个坐标平面来图形地说明它们。这与实数相反，实数是一维的，可以用一个简单的数轴来表示。将实数沿水平轴排列，虚数沿垂直轴排列，构成矩形复数平面。这个平面上的每个点都可以赋值给一个唯一的复数，而每个复数都可以赋值给这个平面上的一个唯一的点。
Modulus and Argument of a complex number:
The number r = x2+y2 is called modulus of x+ iy and is written by mod (x+ iy) or x+iy
θ = tan-1yx is called amplitude or argument of x + iy and is written by amp (x + iy) or arg (x + iy)
Application of imaginary numbers:虚数的应用:
For most human tasks, real numbers (or even rational numbers) offer an adequate description of data. Fractions such as 2/3 and 1/8 are meaningless to a person counting stones, but essential to a person comparing the sizes of different collections of stones. Negative numbers such as -3 and -5 are meaningless when measuring the mass of an object, but essential when keeping track of monetary debits and credits. Similarly, imaginary numbers have essential concrete applications in a variety of sciences and related areas such as signal processing, control theory, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, cartography, vibration analysis, and many others.
对于大多数人工任务，实数(甚至有理数)提供了足够的数据描述。2/3和1/8这样的分数对于一个数石头的人来说毫无意义，但是对于一个比较不同石头集合的大小的人来说却很重要。-3、-5等负数在测量物体的质量时是没有意义的，但在记录货币的借方和贷方时却是必要的。同样，虚数在各种科学和相关领域有基本的具体应用，如信号处理、控制理论、电磁学、量子力学、制图学、振动分析等。
APPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBER IN ENGINEERING:
Control Theory
Incontrol theory, systems are often transformed from thetime domainto thefrequency domainusing theLaplace transform. The system’spolesandzerosare then analyzed in the complex plane. Theroot locus,Nyquist plot, andNichols plottechniques all make use of the complex plane.
In the root locus method, it is especially important whether thepolesandzerosare in the left or right half planes, i.e. have real part greater than or less than zero. If a system has poles that are
in the right half plane, it will beunstable,
all in the left half plane, it will bestable,
on the imaginary axis, it will havemarginal stability.
If a system has zeros in the right half plane, it is anonminimum phasesystem.
Signal analysis
Complex numbers are used insignal analysis and other fields for a convenient description for periodically varying signals. For given real functions representing actual physical quantities, often in terms of sines and cosines, corresponding complex functions are considered of which the real parts are the original quantities. For a sine wave of a given frequency, the absolute value |z| of the corresponding z is the amplitude and the argument arg (z) the phase.
为了方便地描述周期性变化的信号，复数被用于信号分析和其他领域。对于表示实际物理量的给定实函数，通常以正弦和余弦表示，相应的复函数的实部是原始量。对于给定频率的正弦波，相应z的绝对值|z|为振幅，参数arg (z)为相位。
If Fourier analysisis employed to write a given real-valued signal as a sum of periodic functions, these periodic functions are often written as complex valued functions of the form
ω f (t) = z
where ω represents the angular frequency and the complex number z encodes the phase and amplitude as explained above.
Improper integrals
In applied fields, complex numbers are often used to compute certain real-valued improper integrals, by means of complex-valued functions. Several methods exist to do this; see methods of contour integration.
Residue theorem
The residue theorem in complex analysisis a powerful tool to evaluate path integrals of meromorphic functions over closed curves and can often be used to compute real integrals as well. It generalizes the Cauchy and Cauchy’s integral formula.
The statement is as follows. Suppose U is a simply connected open subset of the complex plane C, a1.…, an are finitely many points of U and f is a function which is defined and holomorphic on U{a1.…,an}. If γ is a rectifiable curve in which doesn’t meet any of the points ak and whose start point equals its endpoint, then
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Here, Res(f,ak) denotes the residue off at ak, and n(γ,ak) is the winding number of the curve γ about the point ak. This winding number is an integer which intuitively measures how often the curve γ winds around the point ak; it is positive if γ moves in a counter clockwise (“mathematically positive”) manner around ak and 0 if γ doesn’t move around ak at all.
In order to evaluate real integrals, the residue theorem is used in the following manner: the integrand is extended to the complex plane and its residues are computed (which is usually easy), and a part of the real axis is extended to a closed curve by attaching a half-circle in the upper or lower half-plane. The integral over this curve can then be computed using the residue theorem. Often, the half-circle part of the integral will tend towards zero if it is large enough, leaving only the real-axis part of the integral, the one we were originally interested
Applications of Complex Numbers in Quantum mechanics
The complex number field is relevant in the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, where complex Hilbert spaces provide the context for one such formulation that is convenient and perhaps most standard. The original foundation formulas of quantum mechanics – the Schrödinger equation and Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics – make use of complex numbers.
The quantum theory provides a quantitative explanation for two types of phenomena that classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics cannot account for:
Some observable physical quantities, such as the total energy of a black body, take on discrete rather than continuous values. This phenomenon is called quantization, and the smallest possible intervals between the discrete values are called quanta (singular:quantum, from the Latin word for “quantity”, hence the name “quantum mechanics.”) The size of the quanta typically varies from system to system.
Under certain experimental conditions, microscopic objects like atoms or electrons exhibit wave-like behavior, such as interference. Under other conditions, the same species of objects exhibit particle-like behavior (“particle” meaning an object that can be localized to a particular region ofspace), such as scattering. This phenomenon is known as wave-particle duality.
Application of complex numbers in Computer Science.
Arithmetic and Logic in Computer Systems provides a useful guide to a fundamental subject of computer science and engineering. Algorithms for performing operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in digital computer systems are presented, with the goal of explaining the concepts behind the algorithms, rather than addressing any direct applications. Alternative methods are examined, and explanations are supplied of the fundamental materials and reasoning behind theories and examples.
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Application of complex numbers in Electrical Engineering:
The voltage produced by a battery is characterized by one real number (called potential), such as +12 volts or -12 volts. But the “AC” voltage in a home requires two parameters. One is a potential, such as 120 volts, and the other is an angle (called phase). The voltage is said to have two dimensions. A 2-dimensional quantity can be represented mathematically as either a vector or as a complex number (known in the engineering context as phasor). In the vector representation, the rectangular coordinates are typically referred to simply as X and Y. But in the complex number representation, the same components are referred to as real and imaginary. When the complex number is purely imaginary, such as a real part of 0 and an imaginary part of 120. it means the voltage has a potential of 120 volts and a phase of 90°, which is physically very real.
Application of complex numbers in electronic engineering
Information that expresses a single dimension, such as linear distance, is called a scalar quantity in mathematics. Scalar numbers are the kind of numbers students use most often. In relation to science, the voltage produced by a battery, the resistance of a piece of wire (ohms), and current through a wire (amps) are scalar quantities.
When electrical engineers analyzed alternating current circuits, they found that quantities of voltage, current and resistance (called impedance in AC) were not the familiar one-dimensional scalar quantities that are used when measuring DC circuits. These quantities which now alternate in direction and amplitude possess other dimensions (frequency and phase shift) that must be taken into account.
In order to analyze AC circuits, it became necessary to represent multi-dimensional quantities. In order to accomplish this task, scalar numbers were abandoned andcomplex numberswere used to express the two dimensions of frequency and phase shift at one time.
In mathematics, i is used to represent imaginary numbers. In the study of electricity and electronics, j is used to represent imaginary numbers so that there is no confusion with i, which in electronics represents current. It is also customary for scientists to write the complex number in the form a+jb.
In electrical engineering, the Fourier transform is used to analyze varying voltages and currents. The treatment of resistors, capacitors, and inductors can then be unified by introducing imaginary, frequency-dependent resistances for the latter two and combining all three in a single complex number called the impedance. (Electrical engineers and some physicists use the letter j for the imaginary unit since i is typically reserved for varying currents and may come into conflict with i.) This approach is called phasor calculus. This use is also extended into digital signal processing and digital image processing, which utilize digital versions of Fourier analysis (and wavelet analysis) to transmit, compress, restore, and otherwise process digital audio signals, still images, andvideosignals.
Introduce the formula E = I • Z where E is voltage, I is current, and Z is impedance.
Complex numbers are used a great deal in electronics. The main reason for this is they make the whole topic of analyzing and understanding alternating signals much easier. This seems odd at first, as the concept of using a mix of real and ‘imaginary’ numbers to explain things in the real world seem crazy!. To help you get a clear picture of how they’re used and what they mean we can look at a mechanical example…
复数在电子学中被大量使用。这样做的主要原因是，它们使分析和理解交替信号的整个主题变得更加容易。乍一看，这似乎很奇怪，因为使用实数和“虚数”的混合来解释现实世界中的事物似乎很疯狂!为了帮助你清楚地了解它们是如何使用的以及它们的意思，我们可以看一个机械方面的例子。
We can now reverse the above argument when considering a.c. (sine wave) oscillations in electronic circuits. Here we can regard the oscillating voltages and currents as ‘side views’ of something which is actually ‘rotating’ at a steady rate. We can only see the ‘real’ part of this, of course, so we have to ‘imagine’ the changes in the other direction. This leads us to the idea that what the oscillation voltage or current that we see is just the ‘real’ portion’ of a ‘complex’ quantity that also has an ‘imaginary’ part. At any instant what we see is determined by aphase anglewhich varies smoothly with time.
We can now consider oscillating currents and voltages as being complex values that have a real part we can measure and an imaginary part which we can’t. At first it seems pointless to create something we can’t see or measure, but it turns out to be useful in a number of ways.
Applications in Fluid Dynamics
Influid dynamics, complex functions are used to describe potential flow in two dimensions. Fractals.
Certain fractals are plotted in the complex plane, e.g. the Mandelbrot set
Fluid Dynamics and its sub disciplines aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and hydraulics have a wide range of applications. For example, they are used in calculating forces and moments onaircraft, the mass flow of petroleum through pipelines, and prediction of weather patterns.
The concept of a fluid is surprisingly general. For example, some of the basic mathematical concepts in traffic engineering are derived from considering traffic as a continuous fluids.
Application of complex numbers in Relativity
In special and general relativity, some formulas for the metric on space time become simpler if one takes the time variable to be imaginary. (This is no longer standard in classical relativity, but isused in an essential way in quantum field theory.) Complex numbers are essential to spinors, which are a generalization of the tensors used in relativity.
Application of complex numbers in Applied mathematics
In differential equations, it is common to first find all complex roots r of the characteristic equation of a linear differential equation and then attempt to solve the system in terms of base functions of the form f(t) = ert.
Application of complex numbers in Electromagnetism:
Instead of taking electrical and magnetic part as a two different real numbers, we can represent it as in one complex number
Application of complex numbers in Civil and Mechanical Engineering:
The concept of complex geometry and Argand plane is very much useful in constructing buildings and cars. This concept is used in 2-D designing of buildings and cars. It is also very useful in cutting of tools. Another possibility to use complex numbers in simple mechanics might be to use them to represent rotations.
复数在土木与机械工程中的应用:
复杂几何和阿根平面的概念在建造建筑物和汽车方面非常有用。这个概念被用于建筑和汽车的二维设计中。它在切割工具方面也很有用。在简单机制中使用复数的另一种可能性是使用复数来表示旋转。
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