本文是计算机专业的留学生作业代写范例，题目是“Optimizing Cloud Resources Implementation of IPTV Service（优化IPTV服务的云资源实施）”，互联网协议电视是一个系统，通过分组交换网络基础设施，例如互联网和宽带互联网接入网，使用互联网协议套件的网络和架构方法，在该系统上提供互联网电视服务。而不是通过传统的无线电频率广播、卫星信号和有线电视(CATV)格式传送。IPTV虚拟化的实现在许多应用程序中都是实际需要关注的问题，例如检测IPTV服务交付失败。入侵检测被确定为一种通过虚拟化方式提供IPTV服务的机制，以检测不适当、不正确或异常移动攻击者的存在。
Abstract 摘要
The Internet Protocol Television is a system over which Internet television services are delivered using the networking and architecture methods of the Internet Protocol Suite through a packet-switched network infrastructure, e.g., the Internet and broadband Internet access networks, rather of being delivered over traditional radio frequency broadcast, satellite signal, and cable television (CATV) formats. Implementation of IPTV Virtualization is of practical concern in numerous applications such as detecting an IPTV service delivery failure. The intrusion detection is determined as a mechanism for an IPTV service delivery over virtualization to detect the existence of inappropriate, incorrect, or anomalous moving attackers In this paper, we ruminate this issue according to inhomogeneous IPTV service delivery models.
Furthermore, we ruminate two sensing detection models single-sensing detection and multiple-sensing detection… we want to lower a provider’s cost of real-time IPTV services over a virtualized IPTV architecture and over intelligent timeshifting of service delivery, We define a extrapolated framework for computing the amount of resources needed to support multiple services, without missing the deadline for any service. We construct the problem as an optimization formulation that uses a generic cost function. Our simulation results show the benfits of multiple sensor inhomogeneous WSN IPTV service delivery through virtualization. We also show that there are attarctive open problems in designing mechanisms that allow time-shifting of load in such environments.
此外，我们反思了两种感知检测模型，单感知检测和多感知检测。我们希望通过虚拟IPTV架构和服务交付的智能时变降低供应商的实时IPTV服务成本，我们定义了一个外推框架，用于计算支持多个服务所需的资源量，而不会错过任何服务的截止日期。我们将问题构造为一个使用一般成本函数的优化公式。我们的仿真结果显示了通过虚拟化实现多传感器非同构WSN IPTV服务交付的好处。我们还表明，在设计这种环境中允许载荷时移的机制时，存在着引人注目的开放问题。
1.Introduction引言
Now a days the demand for Internet-based applications grows around the world, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) has been very popular. The recent advances in communication and computer technology, television has gone over many advances over the years. Now a days IP based video delivery became more popular (IPTV). demands placed upon the service provider’s resources have dramatically increased. Service providers typically provision for the high demands of each service across the subscriber population. However, provisioning for high demands leaves resources under employ at all other periods. This is particularly evident with Instant Channel Change (ICC) requests in IPTV.
当今世界对基于互联网的应用程序的需求日益增长，互联网协议电视(IPTV)已经非常流行。随着通讯和计算机技术的发展，电视在过去几年里取得了许多进步。现在，基于IP的视频传输变得更加流行(IPTV)。对服务提供者资源的需求急剧增加。服务提供者通常在订阅者群体中为每个服务的高需求提供服务。然而，为高需求准备的资源在其他所有时期都处于使用状态。这在IPTV中的即时频道变更(ICC)请求中尤为明显。
Our goal is to take favor of the difference in workloads of the different IPTV services to better utilize the deployed servers. In IPTV, Live TV is typically multicast from servers using IP Multicast, with one group per TV channel. Video-on- Demand (VoD) is also supported by the service provider, with each request being served by a server using a unicast stream. For each channel change, the user has to join the multicast group associated with the channel, and wait for enough data to be buffered before the video is displayed; this can take some time. As a result, there have been many attempts to support instant channel change by mitigating the user perceived channel switching latency [1], [7]. In our virtualized environment, ICC is typically managed by a set of VMs while other VMs would be created to handle VoD requests. With the ability to spawn VMs quickly [1], we believe that we can shift servers (VMs) from VoD to handle the ICC demand in a matter of a few seconds. This requires being able to predict the ICC bursts which we believe can be predicted from historic information. Our goal is to find the number of servers that are needed at each time instant by minimizing a cost function while at the same time satisfying all the deadlines associated with these services.
To achieve this, we identify the sever-capacity region formed by servers at each time instant such that all the arriving requests meet their deadlines. We show that for any server tuple with integer entries inside the servercapacity region, an earliest deadline first (EDF) strategy can be used to serve all requests without missing their deadlines. This is an extension of previous result where the number of servers is fixed [2]. Thus, well known concave programming techniques without integer constraints can be used to solve the problem [3]. Finally, for a maximum cost function, we seek to minimize the maximum number of servers used over the entire period.
2.RELATED WORK相关工作
There are mainly three threads of related work, namely cloud computing, scheduling with deadline constraints, and optimization. Cloud computing has recently changed the landscape of Internet based computing, whereby a shared pool of configurable computing resources (networks, servers, storage) can be rapidly provisioned and released to support multiple services within the same infrastructure [7]. In preliminary work on this topic [4], we analyzed the maximum number of servers that are needed to service jobs with a strict deadline contraint. We also assume non-causal information (i.e., all deadlines are known a priori) of the jobs arriving at each instant.
相关工作主要有三个线程，即云计算、有期限约束的调度和优化。云计算最近改变了基于Internet的计算的格局，通过它，可配置计算资源(网络、服务器、存储)的共享池可以快速提供和发布，以支持相同基础设施[7]中的多个服务。在这个主题[4]的初步工作中，我们分析了在严格的截止日期约束下服务任务所需的最大服务器数量。我们还假设工作的非因果信息(即，所有的截止日期都是先验已知的)在每个时刻到达。
In this [5], considers the advancing scenario, this approach only requires a server complex that is sized to meet the requirements of the ICC load, which has no deadline flexibility, and we can almost completely mask the need for any additional servers for dealing with the VoD load. With the typical ICC implemented on current IPTV systems, the content is delivered at an accelerated rate using a unicast stream from the server [6], [7]. There have been multiple efforts in the past to analytically estimate the resource requirements for serving arriving requests which have a delay constraint. These have been studied especially in the context of voice, including delivering VoIP packets, and have generally assumed the arrival process is Poisson [8]. For a concave minimization with linear constraints, the solution is one of the corner points of the polytope formed by the linear constraints.
3.Improved Cloud Data Utilization for IPTV Transmission改进了IPTV传输的云数据利用率
Internet Protocol-based video delivery is increasing in popularity with the result that its resource requirements are continuously growing. It is estimated that by the year 2017 video traffic will account 69% of the total consumer’s Internet traffic. Content and service providers typically configure their resources such that they can handle peak demands of each service they provide across the subscriber population. The solution presented takes advantage of the temporal differences in the demands from these IPTV workloads to better utilize the servers that were deployed to support these services. While VoD is delivered via unicast, Live TV is delivered over multicast to reduce bandwidth demands. However, to support Instant Channel Change (ICC) in Live TV, service providers send a unicast stream for that channel for a short period of time to keep a good quality of experience. If a number of users change their channels around the same period of time, this produces a large burst load on the server that has to support the corresponding number of users. Compared to the ICC workload which is very bursty and has a large peak to average ratio, VoD has a relatively steady load and imposes a relatively lax delay requirement. By multiplexing across these services, the resource requirements for supporting the combined set of services can be reduced. Two services that have workloads which differ significantly over time can be combined on the same virtualized platform. This allows for scaling of the number of resources according to each service’s current workloads.
基于Internet协议的视频传输越来越受欢迎，其资源需求也在不断增长。据估计，到2017年，视频流量将占到消费者互联网总流量的69%。内容和服务提供者通常配置他们的资源，以便能够跨订阅者群体处理他们所提供的每个服务的高峰需求。提出的解决方案利用了这些IPTV工作负载需求的时间差异，以更好地利用部署来支持这些服务的服务器。视频点播(VoD)通过单播方式传送，而直播电视(Live TV)通过组播方式传送，以降低带宽需求。然而，为了支持Live TV中的即时频道变更(ICC)，服务提供商短时间内为该频道发送单播流，以保持良好的体验质量。如果许多用户在同一段时间内改变了他们的通道，这将在服务器上产生巨大的突发负载，服务器必须支持相应数量的用户。与ICC工作负载的突发性和峰值平均比较大相比，VoD具有相对稳定的负载和相对宽松的延迟要求。通过跨这些服务进行多路复用，可以减少支持组合服务集的资源需求。两个工作负载随着时间的推移显著不同的服务可以在同一个虚拟化平台上合并。这允许根据每个服务的当前工作负载扩展资源数量。
It is, however, possible that the peak workload of different services may overlap. Under such scenarios, the benefit of a virtualized infrastructure diminishes, unless there is an opportunity to time shift one of the services in anticipation of the other service’s requirements to avoid having to deliver both services at the same time instant. In general, the cloud service provider strives to optimize the cost for all time instants, not necessarily just reducing the peak server load. Cost Function We investigate linear, convex, and concave functions With convex functions, the cost increases slowly initially and subsequently grows faster. For concave functions, the cost increases quickly initially and then flattens out, indicating a point of diminishing unit costs (e.g., slab or tiered pricing). Minimizing a convex cost function results in averaging the number of servers (i.e., the tendency is to service requests equally throughout their deadlines so as to smooth out the requirements of the number of servers needed to serve all the requests). Minimizing a concave cost function results in finding the extremal points away from the maximum to reduce cost. This may result in the system holding back the requests until just prior to their deadline and serving them in a burst, to get the benefit of a lower unit cost because of the concave cost function (e.g., slab pricing). The concave optimization problem is thus optimally solved by finding boundary points in the server-capacity region of the solution space.
the potential of utilizing virtualization to support multiple services like Video On Demand (VoD) and Live broadcast TV (LiveTV). We explore how we can carefully configure the cloud infrastructure in real time to sustain the large scale bandwidth and computation intensive IPTV applications (e.g. LiveTV instant channel changes (ICC) and VoD requests). In IPTV, there is both a steady state and transient traffic demand [2]. Transient bandwidth demand for LiveTV comes from clients switching channels. This transient and highly bursty traffic demand can be significant in terms of both bandwidth and server I/O capacity. The challenge is that we currently have huge server farms for serving individual applications that have to be scaled as the number of users increases. In this paper, we focus on dedicated servers for LiveTV ICC and VoD. Our intent is to study how to efficiently minimize the number of servers required by using virtualization within a cloud infrastructure to replace dedicated application servers. Since there is storage at set top boxes (STBs), by properly speeding up the delivery prior to the burst ICC load, the delay constraints for the VoD can be relaxed for a period of time. The opportunity is to explore how these services may coexist on the same server complex. We cause one service (VoD) to reduce its resource requirements temporarily to help support a sudden influx of requests from another (LiveTV ICC) service.
The potential of utilizing virtualization to support multiple services like Video On Demand (VoD) and Live broadcast TV (LiveTV). We explore how we can carefully configure the cloud infrastructure in real time to sustain the large scale bandwidth and computation intensive IPTV applications (e.g. LiveTV instant channel changes (ICC) and VoD requests). In IPTV, there is both a steady state and transient traffic demand [2]. Transient bandwidth demand for LiveTV comes from clients switching channels. This transient and highly bursty traffic demand can be significant in terms of both bandwidth and server I/O capacity. The challenge is that we currently have huge server farms for serving individual applications that have to be scaled as the number of users increases. In this paper, we focus on dedicated servers for LiveTV ICC and VoD. Our intent is to study how to efficiently minimize the number of servers required by using virtualization within a cloud infrastructure to replace dedicated application servers. Since there is storage at set top boxes (STBs), by properly speeding up the delivery prior to the burst ICC load, the delay constraints for the VoD can be relaxed for a period of time. The opportunity is to explore how these services may coexist on the same server complex. We cause one service (VoD) to reduce its resource requirements temporarily to help support a sudden influx of requests from another (LiveTV ICC) service.
4.Impact of Cost Function on Server Requirements成本函数对服务器需求的影响
We investigate linear, convex, and concave functions. With convex functions, the cost increases slowly initially and subsequently grows faster. For concave functions, the cost increases quickly initially and then flattens out, indicating a point of diminishing unit costs (e.g., slab or tiered pricing). Minimizing a convex cost function results in averaging the number of servers (i.e., the tendency is to service requests equally throughout their deadlines so as to smooth out the requirements of the number of servers needed to serve all the requests).
我们研究线性、凸函数和凹函数。对于凸函数，初始成本增长缓慢，随后增长较快。对于凹函数，成本最初迅速增加，然后趋于平缓，表明单位成本递减(例如，平板定价或分层定价)。最小化一个凸代价函数将导致平均服务器的数量(即，趋势是在请求的最后期限内平均服务请求，以便平滑处理所有请求所需的服务器数量的需求)。
Minimizing a concave cost function results in finding the extremal points away from the maximum (as shown in the example below) to reduce cost. This may result in the system holding back the requests until just prior to their deadline and serving them in a burst, to get the benefit of a lower unit cost because of the concave cost function (e.g., slab pricing). The concave optimization problem is thus optimally solved by finding boundary points in the server-capacity region of the solution space. The linear cost represents the total number of servers used.
The minimum number of total servers needed is the total number of incoming requests. The optimal strategy is not unique. Any strategy that serves all the requests while meeting the deadline and using a total number of servers equal to the number of service requests is optimal. One strategy for meeting this cost is to set to serve all requests as they arrive. The optimal cost associated with this cost function does not depend on the deadline assigned to each service class.
5.Evolution进化
We provided an analytic framework that computes the optimal amount of resource (i.e., number of servers at different times) for accommodating multiple services with different deadlines. The initial theoretical framework depends on non-causal information regarding the arrival times and deadlines for each chunk of a requested content. We demonstrate two optimization approaches namely, postponing and advancing VoD delivery. Alternatively, VoD requests can also be advanced after the initial movie request without incurring any startup delays (i.e., subsequent chunks of the movie can be advanced before their playout deadlines).
我们提供了一个分析框架，用来计算最佳的资源数量(即不同时间的服务器数量)，以适应不同期限的多个服务。最初的理论框架依赖于关于请求内容的每个块的到达时间和截止日期的非因果信息。我们论证了两种优化方法，即延迟视频点播和提前视频点播。或者，视频点播请求也可以在初始电影请求之后进行，而不会导致任何启动延迟(即，电影的后续部分可以提前到播放截止日期之前)。
We set up a series of experiments to see the effect of varying firstly, the ICC durations and secondly, the VoD delay tolerance on the total number of concurrent streams needed to accommodate the combined workload. In figures diurnal VoD time series (in blue) and a ICC time series (in red). For a given VoD Delay n≥0, we use two services, one with delay 0 and one with delay . For each incoming VoD movie request of length L, a request is made of second service in each of the L consecutive time-slots. Further, each ICC burst creates a request for the first service. Thus, given the requests of the two services, gives the number of concurrent streams that are necessary and sufficient to serve all the incoming requests.
A movie request is made up of different chunk deadlines. For each chunk, we associate a service class i. Specifically the i th chunk of any movie is designated a service class with a corresponding deadline of i-1. For a requested movie, we enlist a request made of L service classes (service classes 1 to L ), where L is the movie length. A LiveTV ICC request corresponds to a service class 1 request for 15 consecutive seconds as in the postponement case. For an operational trace as shown in Fig. 2, with advancing, a maximum of 24955 concurrent streams can accommodate both LiveTV and VoD requests. With only LiveTV, the total number of concurrent streams needed is 24942. VoD requests can be essentially serviced with just an additional 13 concurrent streams.
6.Conclusionjielun结论
We presented the construction of an efficient PDP scheme for distributed cloud storage. Based on homomorphism verifiable response and hash index hierarchy, we have proposed a cooperative PDP scheme to support dynamic scalability on multiple storage servers. IPTV service providers can leverage a virtualized cloud infrastructure by intelligently timeshifting load to better utilize deployed resources while still meeting the strict time deadlines for each individual service. We used LiveTV ICC and VoD as examples of IPTV services that can run on a shared virtualized infrastructure.
提出了一种高效的分布式云存储PDP方案。基于同态可验证响应和哈希索引结构，提出了一种支持多存储服务器动态可扩展性的协作PDP方案。IPTV服务提供商可以利用虚拟化的云基础设施，通过智能的时间转移负载，更好地利用部署的资源，同时仍然满足每个服务的严格时间期限。我们使用LiveTV ICC和VoD作为IPTV服务的例子，它们可以在共享的虚拟化基础设施上运行。
Our paper first provided a generalized framework for computing the resources required to support multiple services with deadlines. We formulated the problem as an optimization problem and computed the number of servers required based on a generic cost function. We considered multiple forms for the cost function of the server complex (e.g., min-max, convex and concave) and solved for the optimal number of servers required to support these services without missing any deadlines. We provide an analysis that computes the minimum number of servers needed to accommodate a combination of IPTV services, namely VoD session and Live TV instant channel change bursts. By anticipating the LiveTV ICC bursts that occur every half hour we can speed up delivery of VoD content by prefilling the set top box buffer. This helps us to dynamically reposition the VoD servers for accommodating the LiveTV bursts that typically last for 15 to 30 seconds at most. Our results show that anticipating and thereby delaying VoD requests gives significant resource savings.
我们的作业首先提供了一个广义的框架来计算支持多个有截止日期的服务所需的资源。我们将该问题表述为一个优化问题，并基于一个通用的成本函数计算所需的服务器数量。我们考虑了服务器复杂成本函数的多种形式(例如，最小-最大，凸和凹)，并在不错过任何期限的情况下求出支持这些服务所需的最佳服务器数量。我们提供了一个分析，计算出满足IPTV业务组合所需的最小服务器数量，即VoD会话和Live TV即时频道变化突发。通过预测每半小时发生一次的LiveTV ICC突发事件，我们可以通过预先填充机顶盒缓冲区来加快VoD内容的传输速度。这有助于我们动态地重新定位VoD服务器，以适应通常最多持续15到30秒的直播电视爆发。我们的结果表明，预期并因此延迟视频点播请求可以节省大量资源。
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