本文是国际商业专业的Essay范例，题目是“GlobalizationandCanadianFirms（全球化与加拿大公司）”，全球化为企业开拓母国国界以外的领域提供了机会。探索加拿大经济之外的领域可以让一家公司接触到超过70亿客户。然而，世界上所有的195个国家代表了195个不同的经济体。此外，在不同的国家经营企业也是代表你的祖国的一种方式。进入加拿大经济的对外部门对加拿大公司来说是一个巨大的挑战和机遇。文化差异和不同的道德标准，政治关系和稳定，以及国家的经济条件是一些主要的挑战，同时它提供了市场扩张和增长的机会，规模经济和额外的资源可用性(Wild & Wild, 2016)。
Part A: Analyzing Challenges that Canadian Firms EncounterA部分:分析加拿大公司面临的挑战
Globalization has opened up opportunities for businesses to explore outside the national boundaries of the home country. Exploring outside the Canadian economy gives access to over 7 billion customers to a corporation. However, all the 195 countries in the world represent 195 different set of economies. Moreover, running a business in a different country is also a way of representing your home country. Breaking in to the external sector of Canadian economy presents numerous challenges and opportunities for Canadian firms. Cultural differences and varying ethical standards, political relation and stability, and economic condition of the country are some of the primary challenges while it offers the opportunities of market expansion and growth, economies of scale, and additional resource availability (Wild & Wild, 2016).
Cultural differences and varying ethical standards is one of the key challenges to tackle before entering a new market. Culture is essentially the unique set of values, beliefs and practices followed in a particular society. Each country has its own history, culture and tradition developed over time. The ethical values followed in the particular society is developed from these cultural and traditional values. It is important for businesses to analyze and understand the cultural differences and ethical practices of a country before planning expansion in that country. This involves analysing the aesthetics, vales & attitudes, manners & customs, social structure, religion, personal communication, education and Physical & Material environments of the new country that form the culture. Countries like Russia, France and Germany frown upon gifting knives as it symbolises ending of a relationship. Japanese customs promote gifting valuables to seal a relationship while U.S might frown upon this since a valuable gift might signal bribery. Similarly, governments often engage in economic sanctions to exert disapproval. Currently, Canada has imposed sanctions and/or related measures against countries like Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Russia (Wild & Wild, 2016). Doing business in such countries while being a Canadian business is almost impossible. Whereas as a Canadian business, expanding into other North American markets like United States and Mexico is comparatively easier due to the presence of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The economic condition of the country is also an important factor. The intended product or service should be economically affordable in the new country. Expanding a luxury car business to economically poor countries Haiti, Comoros, Mali, and Ethiopia would be a futile while it might be the best idea for a company that manufacturers basic or necessity goods or services.
文化差异和不同的道德标准是进入新市场之前需要解决的关键挑战之一。文化本质上是特定社会中所遵循的一套独特的价值观、信仰和实践。每个国家都有自己的历史、文化和传统。特定社会所遵循的伦理价值是由这些文化价值和传统价值发展而来的。对于企业来说，在计划在一个国家扩张之前，分析和理解一个国家的文化差异和道德规范是很重要的。这包括分析形成文化的新国家的美学、价值观和态度、风俗习惯、社会结构、宗教、个人交往、教育和物质环境。俄罗斯、法国和德国等国都不喜欢送礼物的小刀，因为它象征着一段关系的结束。日本的习俗是通过赠送贵重物品来巩固关系，而美国可能不赞成这种做法，因为贵重的礼物可能意味着贿赂。同样，政府经常通过经济制裁来表示反对。目前，加拿大已经对伊朗、伊拉克、朝鲜和俄罗斯等国家实施了制裁和/或相关措施(Wild & Wild, 2016)。在加拿大做生意的同时，在这些国家做生意几乎是不可能的。而作为加拿大企业，由于北美自由贸易协定的存在，向美国和墨西哥等其他北美市场扩张相对容易一些。国家的经济状况也是一个重要因素。预期的产品或服务在新国家应该是经济上负担得起的。向海地、科摩罗、马里和埃塞俄比亚等经济贫穷的国家扩展豪华汽车业务将是徒劳的，而对于一家生产基本或必需品或服务的公司来说，这可能是最好的主意。
While the challenges might appear to be cumbersome, globalization offers equally rewarding opportunities. Macroeconomists believe that no country has an absolute advantage in production of any goods or services while a country can have a comparative advantage over another in producing a certain good or service (Mankiw, 2014). International trade essentially facilitates this. China has a comparative advantage in electronic manufacturing due to the abundant availability of cheap and efficient labour. Businesses can outsource their manufacturing division to China to take advantage of this. Moreover, the Canadian population constitutes only 0.48% of the world population. Expanding to the international market gives a access to the new potential consumer base and access to abundant resources and technology. Blackberry, D+H, Hudson’s Bay Company, and Celestica Inc are some examples of Canadian companies that expanded to the international market to exploit these opportunities.
Part B: Analyzing the Influence of Globalization on Canadian Firms第二部分:分析全球化对加拿大公司的影响
Using information from the textbook on the drivers for international business, and by researching information from the Internet, present examples of three Canadian companies that are entering or expanding their role in international business.
利用教科书中关于国际商务驱动因素的信息，并通过研究互联网上的信息，给出了正在进入或扩大其在国际商务中作用的三家加拿大公司的例子。
For each, identify: Who is the company? Is it a large, medium, or small enterprise? What is the primary good or service it markets? Where does it do business?
Conduct a preliminary analysis of these three companies’ international business entry modes, identify advantages they may be enjoying, and evaluate which globalization forces may be supporting their success. Defend your statements with evidence from the textbook, company reports, or other literature. The goal is to show your understanding of the challenges and opportunities of international business.
对这三家公司的国际业务进入模式进行初步分析，找出他们可能享有的优势，并评估哪些全球化力量可能支持他们的成功。用教科书、公司报告或其他文献中的证据为你的陈述辩护。目的是展示你对国际商务的挑战和机遇的理解。
Hootsuite Media Inc.Hootsuite媒体公司。
Hootsuite Media Inc, commonly known as Hootsuite, is a social media management technology corporation based on Vancouver, Canada developed by Ryan Holmes, Dario Meli, and David Tedman in 2008 (Shaw, 2009). Hootsuite is a large multinational enterprise with nearly 1000 employees in over 13 locations. Holmes, the CEO of Hoostsuite, envisioned the corporation as a one-stop platform to integrate all the social media activities of corporations or individuals, simplifying social media management. Hootsuite primary business service involves a platform for management of social media pages and accounts on Facebook, Twitter, Google+, YouTube and Mixi. The products are available in Free, Pro, Team, Business and Enterprise versions with each supporting advanced integration of multiple social media accounts and easier management. The company also provides URL shorter service with ow.ly extension.
Hootsuite Media Inc，通常被称为Hootsuite，是一家位于加拿大温哥华的社交媒体管理技术公司，由Ryan Holmes、Dario Meli和David Tedman在2008年开发(Shaw, 2009)。Hootsuite是一家大型跨国企业，在全球13个地区拥有近1000名员工。hostsuite的首席执行官Holmes将公司设想为一个一站式平台，整合企业或个人的所有社交媒体活动，简化社交媒体管理。Hootsuite主要的商业服务包括一个用于管理Facebook、Twitter、谷歌+、YouTube和Mixi等社交媒体页面和账户的平台。这些产品有免费、专业、团队、商业和企业版本，每个版本都支持多个社交媒体账户的高级集成，更容易管理。该公司还通过ow提供更短的URL服务。ly扩展。
The company has successfully expanded its business from its prime location in Vancouver to over 12 other locations throughout the world including United States, Mexico, United Kingdom, Australia, Romania and Italy. Hootsuite uses direct service exporting strategies to engages in international business. The company operates over a client base of 15 million users spread through 175 countries (Lunden, 2018). The 2012 Webby Awards nominee’s clientele involve prominent names such as Facebook, HBO, Obama administration, The Gap, Panasonic, Virgin Group and Martha Stewards Media.
BlackBerry Ltd.黑莓手机有限公司
BlackBerry Ltd is a Canadian multinational corporation focusing on the internet of things and enterprise software. The Waterloo based corporation, formed as Research In Motion by Mike Lazaridis and Douglas Fregin in 1984 was later renamed to BlackBerry in 2013 (McQueen, 2010). According to the fourth quarter financial report released by the firm reported over US $ 1.309 billion in revenue (BlackBerry, 2017). The company’s consumer base involves customers from all around the world including major economies like United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and India. BlackBerry limited can be classified as a large enterprise as it has over 4000 employees. The company is best known for its brand of smartphones and smartphones. BlackBerry Unified Endpoint Manager, BlackBerry Dynamics, BlackBerry Workspaces, BlackBerry 2FA, atHoc, SecuSuite, and QNX are some of the most popular services offered by the software giant. The growth of BlackBerry limited is fairly a consequent of its major acquaints over the years which include 2006 Slip Stream Data acquisition, Certicom Corp in 2009, Dash Navigation, Torch Mobile, Data Viz, Viigo, and Encription. Apart from acquisitions, BlackBerry’s expansion in the worldwide market is through partnership. In 2015, the corporation partnered with Amazon to develop over 24,000 android applications (BlackBerry Annual Report, 2015). The company partnered with the Chinese manufacturing giant Foxconn to develop BlackBerry Z3, a smartphone specifically designed for the Indonesian market.
黑莓公司是加拿大一家专注于物联网和企业软件的跨国公司。这家总部位于滑铁卢的公司，1984年由迈克·拉扎里迪斯(Mike Lazaridis)和道格拉斯·弗雷金(Douglas Fregin)创立，原名Research In Motion, 2013年更名为黑莓(BlackBerry)。根据该公司发布的第四季度财务报告，收入超过13.09亿美元(黑莓，2017年)。该公司的客户群来自世界各地，包括美国、英国、澳大利亚和印度等主要经济体。黑莓有限公司可以归类为一个大企业，因为它有超过4000名员工。该公司最著名的是其品牌的智能手机和智能手机。黑莓统一端点管理器、黑莓动态、黑莓工作区、黑莓2FA、atHoc、SecuSuite和QNX是这家软件巨头最受欢迎的服务。黑莓有限公司的增长是其多年来主要熟悉的结果，包括2006年的滑流数据收购，Certicom Corp 2009年，Dash Navigation, Torch Mobile, Data Viz, Viigo和encryption。除了收购，黑莓在全球市场的扩张是通过合作。2015年，公司与亚马逊合作开发了超过24000个android应用程序(黑莓年报，2015)。该公司与中国制造业巨头富士康合作，开发了专为印尼市场设计的黑莓Z3智能手机。
Tim Hortons Inc.
Tim Hortons, also known as the Bake Shop, is a multinational fast food chain based on Oakville, Ontario. Tim Hortons is the largest fast food restaurant chain in Canada with over 4500 outlets in fourteen countries (RBI, 2019). The company, initially incorporated as Tim Donuts Limited was co founded by Tim Horton and Jim Charade in 1964. The Canadian billionaire Ron Joyce partnered with the founders later in 1967 and expanded it to a multi billion-dollar food chain after Horton’s death. It’s a large enterprise, the largest of the three presented here, with over 100,000 employees worldwide. Bahrain, Ireland, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, UK, US, Mexico, Spain and China are some of the prominent international locations covered by Tim Hortons. The growth and expansion of the company has been mainly through acquisitions, mergers, and franchising. Tim Hortons outlets are owned and operated by individuals as franchises and they pay royalty for the brand name and recognition. The fast food chain entered into a merger with Wendy’s in 1992 to expand its operations. The company’s initial expansion to United States was a result of the merger. In 2014, the company negotiated a $18 billion merger deal with Burger King and formed a new holding company 3G Capital (Young, 2014). Tim Hortons leveraged the popularity and recognition of Burger King to establish a trend in the international market.
Analysis分析
Hootsuite entered the international market using direct exporting of its services. This is the best method for the company because of the digital nature of the service and worldwide accessibility. Technological innovation is a key globalization force supporting the expansion of the company. However, it is difficult for the company to establish market share in China, unlike other countries, due to the internet restrictions and the non-existence of social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter managed by the service in the country. BlackBerry mainly relies on partnering and acquisitions to expand into the international market. BlackBerry acquired several software firms to spread its wings internationally. The reputation of the company established over the years and financial strength are key factors in facilitating these acquisitions. The falling barriers to trade and investments is a globalization force enabling this expansion. Tim Hortons’s expansion is also a result of the falling barriers to trade and investments. The food chain relies on franchising and mergers to enter the international market. In North America, the expansions are a result of the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Hootsuite通过直接出口服务进入国际市场。这对公司来说是最好的方法，因为服务的数字化和全球可访问性。技术创新是支持公司扩张的重要全球化力量。然而，与其他国家不同的是，由于中国的互联网限制，以及该公司管理的Facebook和Twitter等社交媒体平台在中国不存在，该公司很难在中国确立市场份额。黑莓主要依靠合作和收购来拓展国际市场。黑莓收购了几家软件公司，以便在国际上展开自己的翅膀。公司多年来建立的声誉和财务实力是促成这些收购的关键因素。贸易和投资壁垒的下降是一种全球化力量，使这种扩张成为可能。Tim Hortons的扩张也是贸易和投资壁垒下降的结果。食物链依靠特许经营和兼并进入国际市场。在北美，扩张是《北美自由贸易协定》(North American Free Trade Agreement)的结果。
Machine learning and artificial intelligence has marked its importance in the business performance efficiency in the 21st century. Venture capitalists invested over $9.3 billion in AI start ups in 2018 (Chapman, 2019). This is the highest hike in the industry since 2000. With the technology advancing everyday, the business implications of AI in simplifying tasks and improving efficiency is increasing exponentially.
Kira Systems is a Toronto based software company focusing on using AI and machine learning in uncovering relevant information from contracts easily and quickly. The company was formed in 2010 by Noah Waisberg in Toronto and is estimated to have an annual revenue of $5 million. It is a small business enterprise with just over 100 employees. Kira Systems is a top competitor in Seal Software and a majority of its clientele involves law and consultation firms (Galang, 2018).
Kira Systems是一家总部位于多伦多的软件公司，专注于利用人工智能和机器学习轻松快速地从合同中发现相关信息。该公司于2010年由诺亚·韦斯伯格(Noah Waisberg)在多伦多成立，预计年收入为500万美元。这是一家只有100多名员工的小型企业。Kira Systems是Seal Software的主要竞争对手，其大多数客户涉及法律和咨询公司(加朗，2018年)。
I propose to study the opportunities and challenges in expanding the products and services of Kira Systems internationally.
The key globalization forces are technological innovation and falling barriers to trade and investments (Wild & Wild, 2019). Kira Systems can utilise the technological uprising and scope of the internet to gain a worldwide market share for its products and services. Since Kira Systems deal with the Internet of Things in simplifying business, the business will have a worldwide scope for any small, medium or large enterprises looking forward to improving their performance efficiency by automation. The AI will be able to successfully grab and summarize important information from contracts and documents saving time and money, two most important resources for any organization.
关键的全球化力量是技术创新和贸易和投资壁垒的下降(Wild & Wild, 2019年)。Kira系统可以利用技术的进步和互联网的范围来为其产品和服务获得全球市场份额。由于Kira系统在简化业务中处理物联网，该业务将为任何希望通过自动化提高其性能效率的小型、中型或大型企业提供一个全球范围的业务。人工智能将能够成功地从合同和文件中获取并总结重要信息，节省时间和金钱，这是任何组织最重要的两种资源。
Currently, the company only covers Canada. I believe the business have international scope, however, it will be easier to penetrate a developing or developed economy like India, Japan, UK, or the United States. The internet regulations in China makes it almost impossible to expand this business to the country, even though the country has a lot of potential clients.
The project will explore in detail about the products and services offered by Kira Systems, current clientele, pricing and industry applications. The project will also require information regarding the demographics, corporate structures, Gross Domestic Product, economic and political stability, legal and technological opportunities and barriers and business culture of countries the company may expand to. The research will mainly involve the use of secondary data from the Kira Systems, Statistics Canada, Industry Canada, IMF, World Bank, WTO, and UNDP websites.
该项目将详细探讨Kira系统提供的产品和服务，目前的客户，定价和行业应用。该项目还需要有关人口、公司结构、国内生产总值、经济和政治稳定、法律和技术机会、障碍以及公司可能扩展到的国家的商业文化的资料。这项研究将主要涉及使用来自Kira系统、加拿大统计局、加拿大工业部、货币基金组织、世界银行、世界贸易组织和开发计划署网站的二手数据。